Author: Urenus

  • Dysbiosis: The missing link between health and disease Lennart Cedgard M.D.

    Dysbiosis: the missing link

    This booklet will give information about intestinal dysbiosis. This condition is characterised by an imbalanced intestinal bacterial flora. It will explain the relationships between food and lifestyle and its impact on health and diseases. In the intestine, micro-organisms influence our body functions in many different aspects, i.e., biochemically and immunologically. It is most important to treat the microflora in an enlightened probiotic direction.

    These probiotics, often some sort of lactic acid producing cultures, are able together with the host’s own flora, to deal with disturbances due to inadequate food, stress and strain, environmental toxins and different medical drugs such as antibiotics, contraceptives, painkillers etc.

    The intestinal flora influence the immune system and regulate the body’s ability to cleanse itself of waste products, i.e., detoxification. A harmonised and balanced flora will contribute to a better absorption of nutrients, i.e., minerals, trace elements, vitamins and amino acids.

    Intestinal Dysbiosis

    What is dysbiosis?

    Dys- means faulty and -bios is life and growth. This implies faulty life. In biological terms, the phrase intestinal dysbiosis is used for an unbalanced bacterial flora in the intestine. You could say the microflora is dysbiotic. Normally, it is understood this condition includes harmful metabolic activity of the flora.

    How does dysbiosis develop?

    There are many factors that influence what type of bacteria or micro-organisms will grow or colonise in the gastrointestinal channel. In the mouth, there are already quite a number of bacteria. Many of them come from the intake of food. In the ventricle, the amount will be reduced. In the small intestine, the numbers of bacterial cells increase from the beginning towards the end (i.e., E5 to E9–10/g content). You’ll find the highest amount of bacteria in the colon (i.e., E10–11/g content). Stress, food, medical drugs, environmental toxic loading, and climate are all factors that stimulate or inhibit different types of micro-organisms. A poorly balanced diet will create a dysbiosis.

    Different life situations with psychic stress or disharmony are also very influential in creating a dysbiosis. A great number of medical drugs inhibit the beneficial flora from acting normally. Environmental toxins can also provoke an intestinal dysbiosis. Food supplements taken inadequately will disturb the important balance. It should be noted that the climate supports a variety of different bacterial cultures. This is often experienced when travelling, i.e., tourist diarrhoea.

    What conditions or diseases depend on dysbiosis?

    Dysbiosis will often show as functional disturbances in the ventricle or the intestine. Symptoms such as dyspepsia, constipation or loose stools are conditions that will later develop into gastritis and chronic inflammation in the intestine. Ulcers in the ventricle or the intestine could result if the dysbiosis is not properly regulated. Gallbladder problems and obstipation or diarrhoea are often related to intestinal dysbiosis. Dysbiosis can also manifest in dysfunction of the immune system, i.e., food intolerance. Atopies or allergies, i.e., eczema and urticaria, are of similar origin. Chronic inflammatory diseases, i.e., arthritis, are also developed in the context of dysbiosis. Certain types of migraine, where food and diet are significant in the outbreak, could be a symptom of intestinal dysbiosis.

    How will dysbiosis be inhibited?

    Through the stimulation of beneficial bacteria in the intestine, the degree of dysbiosis will be reduced. Optimising the food intake and avoiding detrimental stress, mental and physical welfare can be disrupted by harmful medical drugs, environmental toxins and micro-organisms. There are not many of us that can live in total harmony. This would be an utopia. To be successful in this, you must learn what is beneficial and what is harmful for the intestinal flora in general and in each case.

    Eubiosis and Probiosis

    What is probiotics?

    Lactic acid bacterial cultures, so-called probiotics, stimulate colonization of the so-called human autochthonous flora in a beneficial direction. Probios means for life. A condition without any dysbiosis is called eubiosis. It is more likely to be an utopia. Reducing the degree of dysbiosis is called probiosis. That is why the cultures are called probiotics.

    As a therapist, you of course advise your patient to optimise all the factors mentioned above. A well-balanced diet and life pattern is the best insurance for being healthy. In most cases, probiotics could be an important, if not crucial, complement.

    Bifidobacterias and Bacteroides

    What bacteria are there in the stomach and the intestine?

    When fasting, you only find small quantities in the stomach. Together with the intake of food, the amount of bacteria will increase to E5 cfu/ml liquid. There often are streptococci, bifidobacteria, enterobacteria and bacteroides—some of them emanating from the mouth and the food itself. These will be reduced when the stomach starts producing acid and the pH is reduced. Further down in the small intestine, the number of cells increases again; E5–7 cfu/ml content.

    In the colon, the numbers increase dramatically. The two dominating types of cultures are bacteroides and bifidobacteria. There are about E10–11 cfu/g faeces. The weight is 0.5–1 kg! The total amount is E14. This is related to the total amount of human body cells, which is E13. This implies there are 10-fold more micro-organisms than body cells! This is of great importance, especially when referring to the immune system. The Peyer’s patches in the small intestine play the most important role in the control and balance of the immune system and its relation to the microflora. There is a microeco-intesto-immuno-endocrino-neuro-psycho linkage.
    This explains many of the syndromes described, where you find both physical and psychiatric disorders closely related to each other.

    Fermentation and Putrefaction

    Simplified, you could separate the bifidobacteria as the good ones and the bacteroides as the evil ones. Bifidobacteria split the food by fermentation. Lactic acid, acetic acid and butyric acid are produced. These will create a more acidic environment in the intestine.

    The bacteroides will digest the food by putrefaction. It will then produce nitrogen waste products. These are harmful for the human body, and they will be absorbed in the intestine, reaching all the different body tissues.

    Streptococci, enterococci, and enterobacteria (i.e., colibacteria) are found in minor quantities. In adolescents, the quantity of bifidobacteria is lower.
    This is shown on page nine.

    What sort of diet promotes a healthy flora?

    Food rich in complex carbohydrates with a low glycemic index. These are broken down relatively slowly and will provide you with a steady blood sugar level. Vegetables of different types, rice, and pasta are adequate roughage.

    A high intake of protein and animal saturated fatty acids stimulates the activity of bacteroides towards putrefaction. In western society, we strain our bodies with the intake of too much protein and saturated fatty acids. The WHO standard protein requirement is approximately 0.8 g/day/kg body weight.

    An intake of high amounts of fibre improves the motility of the intestine. This promotes the bifidobacteria. A vegetarian diet contains many different food fibres such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. An intake of fibres should always be followed by intake of water.
    The term “throw water” is adequate. It indicates enough hydration.

    The Immune System and Lymphoid Tissue

    The intestinal flora communicate with the immune system through the so-called lymphoid tissue. This tissue is found in crypts in the small intestinal mucosa. It is called the Peyer’s plaque. Deeper in the intestinal tissue there is the lamina propria with lymphoid tissue. All this is connected together with lymphatic vessels directed towards the lymph nodes. These are located in the mesenteric fibrous tissue that lines the small intestine. This is related to the other parts of the immune system. The intestinal-related immune system is in this manner able to read and translate or react on the biochemical activities in the intestine.

    The immune system is stimulated or inhibited by different bacterial cultures or food items. Dysbiosis creates a disharmony in this complicated relationship. The human being is born with a genetic memory that decides what sort of food will be accepted or not. If we introduce new unknown food items into the body, there is a risk that the immune system will react against them.

    Certain probiotics can induce an immunogen effect. It means B- and T-lymphocytes are stimulated and the concentration of immunoglobulins is increased. Probiotics are transitory. They do not normally colonise on the intestinal mucosa.

    Nitrogen Waste Products

    What happens in the intestine biochemically and immunologically during probiotic therapy?

    Those enzymes the body itself uses for digesting food are influenced directly or indirectly by all the micro-organisms there are in the stomach and the intestine. This is called enzyme induction. Certain compounds that are produced in the digestion of food are toxic and cause harm in different tissues. When there is intestinal dysbiosis, these compounds are found in high quantities.

    Probiotics will reduce the dysbiosis and thereby the accumulation of toxic waste products. When protein is digested through the action of these harmful intestinal micro-organisms, directly or indirectly, a variety of nitrogen waste products—such as ammonia, urea, indols, phenols, nitrites, and nitrosamines—will be produced.

    These toxic items could, in a later sequence, influence the outcome of different unhealthy conditions, i.e., chronic diseases where the immune system is seriously involved. They also promote the development of polyarthritis and skin diseases.

    Normally, the liver is able to detoxify all these toxins. However, if the load is heavy and prolonged, the liver will not be able to cleanse completely.

    Detoxification and Retoxification

    Certain beneficial bacteria are able to neutralise toxic metabolites. This is called detoxification. The opposite is retoxification. It is the conversion of non-harmful products to harmful ones. Probiotics reduce the pH in the intestine, causing the activity of the coliform putrefactive bacteria, such as bacteroides and clostridia, to be inhibited. The production of their metabolites will then be reduced. Additionally, the absorption of these is impaired, resulting in them being excreted in the faeces.

    Conjugation and Deconjugation

    One of the methods the liver uses to neutralise toxins is by conjugating them with glucuronic acid, thereby creating glucuronides. This process is called conjugation. When these are excreted from the gallbladder out into the intestine, it is given the capability to get rid of toxins.

    When there is a dysbiotic condition in the intestine, certain bacteria improve their ability to digest these conjugates. This is called deconjugation. The toxins are reabsorbed into the blood. The result is retoxification.

    Some of the enzymes that deconjugate and retoxify toxic waste products are:

    • Beta-glucuronidase
    • Azoreductase
    • Nitroreductase

    The outcome of their action is an increased accumulation of toxic metabolites. By probiosis, this will be reduced.

    Glycosides from different green plants, such as rutin, may be converted by the action of Streptococcus faecium to quercetin. This molecule is mutagenous. It will cause injuries to the body cell’s genetic code. This can develop into malignant conditions, i.e., cancer.

    Streptococcus faecalis is responsible for another sort of retoxification. It converts the amino acid tyrosine to tyrosamine. An increased amount of tyrosamine is thought to trigger attacks of migraine. In a later phase, this amine is converted to phenol, which is mutagenous.

    Oestrogen

    Bile acids, cholesterol, and a variety of sex hormones are exposed by the same mechanisms, i.e., conjugation and deconjugation. They are excreted by the bile into the intestine. Further down in the intestinal channel, they are reabsorbed. A certain amount is lost in the faeces. A loss of volatile bile acids and, to a certain degree, cholesterol are lost in the same manner, which could be favourable.

    It is not desirable for the sex hormones to be lost in the faeces. Both female and male hormones can be lost in this manner. This happens when there is an intestinal dysbiosis. A reduced concentration of oestrogen can cause:

    • Bleeding disturbances
    • Increased sensitivity to genital infections (i.e., vaginitis)
    • Bladder infections (i.e., cystitis)
    • Impaired fertility
    • Osteoporosis with pain syndrome

    You may experience similar mechanisms when taking contraceptives and antibiotics at the same time.

    Endotoxins

    When there is dysbiosis, certain bacteria (i.e., clostridia) produce endotoxins, which will influence the immune system. A great number of chronic inflammatory diseases are related to dysbiosis. These immune-related diseases will appear in various soft tissues such as the skin, joints, urinary system, intestine, eyes, glands, etc.

    Carcinogens and Insulin

    Deconjugated bile acids and cholesterol are to be converted further in a later phase. The harmful bacteria stimulate the production of an increased amount of volatile secondary bile acids and coprostanol, which is a digested product of cholesterol. These are carcinogenic, including the above-mentioned enzymes and the nitrosamines. They promote the initiation of different types of cancer, e.g., breast cancer.

    An unbalanced intake of short and rapidly digested carbohydrates (i.e., glucose) intensifies the development of dysbiosis. Note the glycaemic index of different food items and their bioavailability.

    There is an insulin-like substance produced by E. coli bacteria. It is a sort of analogue. This substance is thought to be absorbed into the blood and situate itself on the receptors where human insulin is normally positioned. Thereby, it will inhibit the action of insulin.

    In diabetic patients, you often find dysbiotic conditions.

    Vitamins and Analogues

    The bacterial flora in the colon produce a variety of vitamins. The absorption of these is relatively poor. It is impossible to estimate how important this vitamin production is. All of the B vitamins and the K vitamin are produced. The latter is essential for coagulation ability. Most of our need is absorbed in the small intestine.

    What is of more interest is that bacteria consume vitamins for their own survival. When there is dysbiosis, this consumption is increased in the lower part of the small intestine. Vitamin B12 will in this manner be consumed. Depressed levels of vitamin B12 are seen amongst older people; compare this with the reduced action of the bifidobacteria.

    It is known that bacteria are able to produce so-called vitamin analogues. These analogues compete with the real vitamins. They act as ghosts and are believed to cause functional conditions of insufficiency. The traditional tests on vitamin B12 are inadequate and insufficient. The level of homocystein gives a better understanding of the vitamin condition. It could also in some cases function as an indirect parameter estimating dysbiosis.

    As mentioned above, the autochthonous flora create a barrier and protection against hostile and not welcoming guests. The majority of the pathogen or disease-provoking bacteria are sensitive to competition from the natural flora.

    When there is dysbiosis, their establishment will be facilitated. Probiotics reduce the pH in the intestine by 1–2 units. This will aggravate the establishment of, e.g., salmonella, cholera, etc.

    The bifidobacteria defend their territory by producing different organic acids, i.e., acetic acid, lactic acid, and special natural antibiotics.

    Certain Conditions When Probiotics Are of Importance

    Below is a variety of conditions more or less related to intestinal dysbiosis.
    The dysbiotic condition is directly or indirectly related to symptoms.

    • Gastritis and ulcer
    • Gallbladder dysfunction and liver diseases
    • Constipation or irritable colon
    • Obstipation or diarrhoea
    • Dyspepsia
    • Migraine; conversion of tyrosine to tyrosamine
    • Atopies (e.g., eczema, hay fever, urticaria, asthma)
    • Food intolerance (e.g., gluten intolerance)
    • Chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatism, SLE, fibromyalgia, psoriasis, colitis ulcerosa, Crohn’s disease)
    • Infections in the urinary system
    • Mycosis (e.g., Candida albicans)
    • Exposure to radiation, cortisone, antibiotics, contraceptives
    • Conditions with impaired immune defence (e.g., malignant diseases such as leukaemias)
    • Insufficiency of vitamins or minerals
    • Stress
    • Skin diseases (e.g., acne, herpes)
    • Hormonal dysfunction (e.g., bleedings, menstruation dysfunction, infertility, osteoporosis)
    • Metabolic syndrome and diabetes
    • Chronic fatigue syndrome

    These conditions illustrate when probiotics may be particularly beneficial, due to their potential role in restoring balance to the intestinal flora.

  • Detoxification and Drainage Eliminating toxins from the body By Bruce H. Shelton, MD, MD(h), DiHom

    There are very few patients who don’t need detoxification and drainage intervention at all. Furthermore, each patient’s status is unique, so in designing a treatment plan, it is important to strike a balance between the patient’s previous exposure (toxic load) and the organism’s ability to detoxify (regulation ability).

    For this purpose, patients are generally divided into two groups. Group 1 includes patients with mild to moderate toxicity. In general, these are patients with mild symptoms and exposure. They elect to do a general cleansing or have milder diseases such as headaches, acne, etc. Group 2 includes patients with severe toxicity (known exposure) as well as patients with severe diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, etc. These patients’ regulation ability is reduced. Group 2 also includes former drug addicts as well as patients who have received chemotherapy.

    Due to their advanced toxicity, Group 2 patients need advanced supportive detoxification that prepares the organs of detoxification and elimination for the drainage phase (accomplished primarily through Lymphomyosot, a component of the Detox-Kit). The advanced organ support is thus more organotropic in character, whereas the basic detoxification and drainage is more functiotropic. In general, advanced organ support is administered for six weeks, followed by use of the Detox-Kit. In most cases, tissues will still need to be drained of residual toxins, so the use of Lymphomyosot alone is advised for several months longer (for protocols, see BT Winter 2007).

    Special case 1:

    Patients with inflammatory skin disease, such as eczema or psoriasis. The skin, classically called the “mirror of the soul,” is also a mirror of the liver and the gut. In cases of skin disease, it is essential to remember that the P450-containing system in the skin is the same as that in the liver and in the gut. Psoriasis patients in particular need bowel cleansing, which should be part of the initial advanced organ support. Thus Mucosa compositum and Cutis Compositum play a special role in these patients, although functiotropic medications such as Nux vomica-Homaccord, Berberis-Homaccord, and Lymphomyosot, along with Hepeel, are the mainstays in the treatment of skin disease. Patients with inflammatory skin disease are at high risk of flare-ups if toxin drainage is initiated before the liver and gut are ready to cope with the load. These patients need to be treated with care even though they may not seem very ill. In some cases, flare-ups will simply mean that patients need higher doses of cortisone, but in other cases hospitalization may become necessary if skin sloughing is severe.

    Patients with eczema are in a Th2 rigidity state, so they should first undergo several weeks of initial immunomodulation to get the disease under control, followed by advanced organ support, before the drainage period is initiated. Engystol is the medication of choice together with the appropriate suis-organ preparation, in this case Cutis compositum. By contrast, patients with psoriasis are in a Th1 state, so they should be treated with Traumeel oral ampoules and Cutis compositum. In both cases, it is preferable to add the catalysts during the drainage phase rather than during advanced organ support (see protocol in Table 1).

    Table 1: Protocol for inflammatory skin disease

    Disease-Specific Treatment

    For Th1 rigidity: Traumeel and Cutis compositum
    For Th2 rigidity: Engystol and Cutis compositum
    Schwef-Heel

    Weeks 1–4 (or even longer in severe cases)

    Organ/SystemTreatment
    Liver—
    Urinary tract/Kidney—
    Lymph—
    SkinCutis compositum
    GutMucosa compositum
    Connective tissue—

    Note:
    Due to the high incidence of leaky gut in inflammatory skin diseases, initial treatment of the gut and immune system is paramount. The suis organs induce Th3 cells and thus immunotolerance to the corresponding organs.

    Dosage:

    • Ampoules: In general, 3–1 times weekly, 1 ampoule i.m., s.c., i.d.
    • Drops: In general, 10 drops 3 times daily

    Advanced Organ Support

    Duration: 6 weeks

    Organ/SystemPrimary TreatmentAlternative Products
    LiverHepar compositumHepeel
    Urinary tract/KidneySolidago compositumReneel
    Lymph—Galium-Heel / Lymphomyosot
    SkinCutis compositumSchwef-Heel
    GutMucosa compositumNux vomica-Homaccord
    Connective tissueThyreoidea compositumPulsatilla compositum

    Basic Detoxification and Drainage

    Organ/SystemDetox TreatmentCellular Detox (Add)
    LiverDetox-KitCoenzyme compositum / Ubichinon compositum
    Urinary tract/KidneyDetox-KitCoenzyme compositum / Ubichinon compositum
    LymphDetox-KitCoenzyme compositum / Ubichinon compositum
    SkinDetox-KitCoenzyme compositum / Ubichinon compositum
    GutDetox-KitCoenzyme compositum / Ubichinon compositum
    Connective tissueDetox-KitCoenzyme compositum / Ubichinon compositum

    Note:
    Because Schwef-Heel is a potency chord, it does not cause aggravation to the extent classically ascribed to sulfur-containing medications. Adjuvant use of probiotics throughout the treatment should be considered.

    Dosage:

    • Ampoules: In general, 3–1 times weekly, 1 ampoule i.m., s.c., i.d.
    • Drops: In general, 10 drops 3 times daily

    Practical Protocols

    Chronic fatigue syndrome is a complex and highly debilitating disorder characterized by chronic mental and physical exhaustion. It occurs more often, but not exclusively, in women.

    Special case 2: Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.

    All patients with chronic fatigue syndrome have some form of toxicity. Some of these patients present primarily with symptoms of intoxication and have a history of toxic exposure, often temporally related to the onset of the syndrome.

    Due to general immune imbalance (Th2 rigidity) and mitochondrial impairment in these patients, advanced organ support is essential, but even before that, support for the mucous membranes, the immune system, and the neuroendocrine system is helpful. This is best done with a combination of Mucosa compositum and Tonsilla compositum. After two weeks, advanced organ support can begin, followed by the drainage phase. If relapse occurs during the drainage phase, advanced organ support should be resumed for at least another six weeks (see protocol in Table 2).

    Table 2: Protocol for chronic fatigue syndrome

    Disease-Specific Treatment: Aletris-Heel

    Followed by detoxification therapy

    Weeks 1–2

    Organ/SystemTreatment
    Liver—
    Urinary tract/Kidney—
    LymphTonsilla compositum
    GutMucosa compositum
    Connective tissue—

    Weeks 3–8: Advanced Organ Support

    Organ/SystemPrimary TreatmentAlternative Products
    LiverHepar compositumHepeel
    Urinary tract/KidneySolidago compositumReneel
    LymphTonsilla compositumGalium-Heel
    GutMucosa compositumNux vomica-Homaccord
    Connective tissueThyreoidea compositumPulsatilla compositum

    Weeks 9–20: Basic Detoxification and Drainage

    Organ/SystemDetox TreatmentCellular Detox (Add)
    LiverDetox-KitCoenzyme compositum / Ubichinon compositum
    Urinary tract/KidneyDetox-KitCoenzyme compositum / Ubichinon compositum
    LymphDetox-KitCoenzyme compositum / Ubichinon compositum
    GutDetox-KitCoenzyme compositum / Ubichinon compositum
    Connective tissueDetox-KitCoenzyme compositum / Ubichinon compositum

    Note:
    These patients need very gradual treatment. Because they often have multiple chemical sensitivities, it is advisable to first restore the integrity of the gut lining while administering Tonsilla compositum to support the adrenals and the hypothalamus. This also supports the immune system.

    Dosage:

    • Ampoules: In general, 3–1 times weekly, 1 ampoule i.m., s.c., i.d.
    • Drops: In general, 10 drops 3 times daily

  • DENTISTRY AND HOMEOPATHY: AN OVERVIEW Richard D. Fischer, D.D.S.

    INTRODUCTION

    The dental profession is becoming increasingly aware of the indivisibility of dental health and overall health. The teeth, the tongue, the gingiva, the lips, the salivary glands, etc. are all integrated with the rest of the body via the nerves, the blood and lymphatic circulations, glandular secretions, acupuncture meridians, the connecting bones and joints and by the digestive tube which extends from the mouth to the anus.

    Because of the mechanical nature of most dental therapeutic procedures it may occasionally be convenient to forget that the mouth we are treating is connected to a vital, breathing, thinking, feeling human being. Yet the profound interrelationships between the mouth and the rest of the body have been recognized in the scientific literature of the West for several decades and by the Chinese for some fifty centuries.

    When treating someone with an oral health problem, often the cause is found locally—such as a broken tooth due to trauma, a lost filling, or a sore spot from an ill-fitting denture. But more frequently the cause is found outside the mouth. This is particularly true of the more chronic oral maladies, such as periodontal disease, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, oral cancers, bruxism, bad breath, herpes simplex, tooth decay and, more recently, AIDS. Other common examples of this remote causation of oral pathology include the severe alveolar bone resorption found around the roots of the teeth in the diabetic patient,⁴ and the gross proliferation of fibrous tissue of the gingiva in the epileptic patient receiving Dilantin therapy.⁵ Even the American Dental Association now recognizes this systemic causation of periodontal disease.³ The dentist is sought out for evaluation and treatment of these oral symptoms—despite the fact that these oral symptoms are merely a localized manifestation of a more systemic disturbance.

    Perhaps less widely appreciated but, I maintain, more frequent in occurrence are those systemic maladies which result from oral sources—as has been elaborately described and documented by Dr. Rheinhold Voll,⁴ and others.⁵ ⁶ Typical examples include the constipation of the TMJ patient due to his impaired chewing ability, or the migraine headaches of a mercury-hypersensitive physician provoked by a mouthful of amalgam (50% Hg) fillings, or the abdominal rash of the nickel-hypersensitive woman elicited by placing a nickel crown on her tooth. In these cases, ironically, the patients traditionally must seek the treatment of a physician (rather than the dentist) because of the systemic nature of the symptoms—despite their oral origins.

    Consider that only a few decades ago it was fairly common “medical” treatment for rheumatoid arthritis to extract all the patient’s teeth—frequently with great success. One cannot soberly ignore the fact that what we do in our dental treatment can profoundly affect that individual’s systemic health and vice versa.

    Once this concept is embraced, then the role of homeopathy in dentistry is much easier to appreciate. We will look at both acute and chronic dental prescribing, in this paper, and then explore the three basic constitutional types.

    ACUTE DENTAL PRESCRIBING

    Over the years I have found that a handful of remedies can handle the majority of the acute dental emergencies with which I have been faced in my practice. These first-aid remedies can help alleviate the pain or discomfort of dental emergencies, at least temporarily, until proper dental care measures can be received. I must emphasize, however, that the remedial measures proposed herein are not intended to replace good dental care, but rather to serve as a safe and effective complement to good dental care. (The potencies mentioned below are only suggestions. These are the ones I have used in my practice. A 30C should work as well as a 30X. As in all homeopathic prescribing, the remedy selection is more important than the potency. In other words, if the case calls for Belladonna 30X and all you have is Belladonna 6C, use it!)

    Abscesses

    1. Belladonna. Early dental abscesses, accompanied by redness and throbbing which is aggravated by the slightest touch (30X every 30–60 minutes).
    2. Hepar sulphuris calcareum. Where the abscess is accompanied by pus formation, increased salivation, and where the gums are sore to the touch and bleed easily. Repeated doses of 6X will encourage pus discharge, while higher potencies (30X–200, two or three times daily) will help abort pus formation.
    3. Silicea. Once pus is draining, Silicea 6X a few times daily will hasten the discharge.
    4. Myristica. Where the abscess is swollen and accompanied by numbness of the area. Especially suited to the wisdom teeth. (6X)
    5. Calendula. Dilute the tincture 1 part to 20 parts of water. Use as a gentle but effective disinfectant mouth rinse. This may be used several times daily (with any of the above remedies or by itself) or may be alternated with warm salt water rinses.

    Apprehension (anticipation of the dental visit)

    1. Gelsemium. Fear accompanied by “weak knees,” diarrhea, and drowsy behavior. 30X to be taken the night before, the morning of and ½ to 1 hour before the dental visit.
    2. Aconite. When the fear is accompanied by great panic (sudden onset) as well as physical and emotional restlessness (e.g., much fidgeting). 30X taken as above.
    3. Coffea cruda. 30X is helpful when the anxiety is accompanied by intolerance to noise or music.
    4. Chamomilla. This is not for apprehension, per se, but may greatly help those individuals with lowered pain thresholds. Take three doses of 30X over several hours prior to the dental visit.

    Bleeding

    Almost all post-surgical bleeding is well controlled by pressing a moist gauze pad or moist tea bag over the bleeding area. However, when this alone does not control the bleeding:

    1. Phosphorus. 6X to 200X every 10 to 30 minutes until the bleeding stops.
    2. Arnica. If bleeding is accompanied by bruised soreness. 30X every 10 to 30 minutes until bleeding is controlled.

    “Dry Socket”

    1. Belladonna. 30X every 30 to 60 minutes if accompanied by a throbbing pain.
    2. Ruta graveolens. 6X for any surgery or other injuries to the jaw or other facial bones.
    3. Calendula. As prepared above is a good healing rinse.

    Teething

    Chamomilla 30X every 30–60 minutes when the teething child is whiney, restless, and wants to be held and pampered. This is a great remedy for delayed and difficult teething.

    Toothaches

    1. Belladonna. 30X every 30 to 60 minutes when the toothache throbs and is worse from touch or motion (chewing).
    2. Magnesia phosphorica. 30X when the toothache is worse from cold and better from warmth.
    3. Coffea cruda. 30X when the toothache is worse from heat and relieved by holding ice in the mouth.
    4. Chamomilla. 30X when the toothache is worse from any warmth (i.e. if anything warm is taken in the mouth or even upon entering a warm room), but not better with cold. The pain is intolerable and makes the patient peevish.

    Dental Trauma (or Post Operative) Remedies

    1. Arnica. 30X for injuries resulting in bruises or fractures; for sore spots from an ill-fitting denture; following the placement of a very deep filling. (Many patients find Arnica helpful when taken before a dental visit where discomfort is anticipated)
    2. Hypericum. 30X where nerves have been injured—such as a broken tooth where the nerve has been exposed, and accompanied by excessive pain.
    3. Ledum. 30X for puncture wounds, such as the soreness resulting from a dental injection.
    4. Staphysagria. 30X for incision type wounds after soft tissue surgery—as with extractions of difficult impacted wisdom teeth or periodontal (gum) surgery.
    5. Chamomilla. Helps expedite the wearing off of the numbness following the completion of the dental procedure. 30X every 20 to 30 minutes. Works beautifully!
    6. Magnesia phosphorica. 30X for stiff, sore jaws following a prolonged dental visit with the mouth wide open where the muscles are cramped and feel better with warmth. If they don’t feel better with warmth, try Arnica 30X instead.

    CHRONIC DENTAL PRESCRIBING

    Now that we have looked at some of the homeopathic treatments for a few of the more common acute dental problems, I would like to explore the role of homeopathy in the treatment of chronic dental or oro-facial complaints. To evaluate and treat someone for a chronic dental problem (i.e. periodontal disease, chronic TMJ disorders, bruxism, or rampant tooth decay) one must exercise the same deliberation as when treating any other chronic conditions—that is, a thorough history and examination must be done. To give adequate scope to the ongoing disease process and its various causes, one must include not only the dental manifestations, but all levels of the patient’s symptoms (physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual) in the evaluation. “How can a dentist evaluate one’s mental condition?” you ask. Remember, the repertories and materia medicas are written (gratefully) in plain English—not in “medicalese.” One needn’t be skilled in abnormal psychology to see that a patient is frightened, cheerful, or angry. One need only observe and listen!

    Dentists have particular expertise in evaluating a person’s oro-facial signs and symptoms (which, incidentally, comprise a very significant portion of Kent’s Repertory), and this is the focus of our therapy. However we are sometimes criticized for “practicing medicine without a license” because through appropriate “dental” therapy the patient’s “medical” condition improves. The reader will understand from the initial discussion in this paper the error of such thinking. Furthermore, homeopathic remedies (like allopathic drugs) are not organ specific. They affect the entire person. Thus, when you visit a dentist complaining of a swollen jaw and he gives penicillin for the infected wisdom tooth, doesn’t your infected hangnail respond to the medicine as well? Likewise, even though it may not be our intention to witness a cure of sciatica or dyspepsia with correct dental treatment, such things do happen and, as with the infected hangnail, this obviously does not imply that we are practicing medicine. Remember, it is the individual’s vital force, not the prescriber’s intentions, that directs the evolution of cure, as the case below well illustrates.

    Over the past twelve years a large portion of my practice has dealt with the care and treatment of people suffering from disorders of the temporomandibular joint (TM joint or jaw joint). This paired joint connects the lower jaw to the skull and lies just in front of the ears. Because disorders of this joint cause such profound and diverse sequelae in the patient’s overall health, they serve as a good vehicle to illustrate the indivisibility of oral and systemic health. The various signs and symptoms of TM joint disorders fully permeate one fourth of the pages of Kent’s Repertory. They include headache, earaches, grinding and popping noises in the joint, vertigo, pains in the neck, shoulders, and back, indigestion, poor balance, unstable posture, and many others.

    CASE HISTORY

    On July 25, 1983 a 20-year-old woman presented with a constant headache which had begun 12 months before. The headache was worse upon awakening in the morning and began one month after leaving home to attend college. She had difficulty eating because chewing caused pains in the right temple. She also suffered from chronic constipation, insomnia, and fatigue. She appeared pale, unsmiling, and listless and she had not had her menses for seven months. Prior treatments had been of little help and included therapy by neurologists, gynecologists, a psychiatrist, an allergist, internist, nutritionists, acupuncturist, chiropractors, dentists, a cranial osteopath, and a neurolinguistic programmer. She had a history of other head injuries. She was given Arnica in high attenuation.

    Two months later she reported no significant change in her health. She was fitted with an orthopedic appliance and put on an exercise program to help alleviate her jaw muscle tension. Within days she began to sleep better, but over the next few months the headaches were still constant, although diminished. She still had no menses, was thirstless and still constipated. She was given Natrum muriaticum 1M.

    Natrum muriaticum has headaches, worse in the morning as part of the remedy picture. Also included are a great variety of menstrual complaints, constipation, difficulty sleeping, and emaciation. It is the chronic of Ignatia, often, as Boericke says, “having psychic causes of disease”* (i.e. leaving home).

    When she returned a month later, her appearance had dramatically improved. Her face was more animated, her dress more colorful, and her voice more vibrant. She was sleeping well and her head and jaw pains had markedly lessened. Her cranial osteopath reported the first profound improvement in her cranial mechanism since he had begun treating her. Several days after the remedy was given she had her first menses in almost a year.

    THREE CONSTITUTIONAL TYPES

    In taking a case of a chronic dental patient one can garner a great deal of information as to the patient’s constitutional type by examining his or her oral and cranial structures. Here I must define “constitutional” in its narrowest sense, based on the theory of constitutional typing by Nebel and Vannier, also referred to by Professor Eizayaga, M.D., as the “genotypical” constitutional type. That is, the constitution is the least changeable aspect of the person’s totality; it is based largely on the structure and composition of one’s tissues and skeletal framework, and therefore is immutable and established long before birth.

    Our skeletal and dental structures are composed of three calcium salts (or Calcareas): the carbonate, phosphate, and fluoride. Each of these salts impregnates our teeth and bones and thereby imparts to us distinctly different anatomical characteristics, different metabolic types, as well as different disease propensities. Accordingly, everyone belongs to one of these three constitutional types: Calcarea carbonica, Calcarea phosphorica, or Calcarea fluorica, depending upon which salt predominates in our makeup. Furthermore, to each of these constitutional types belong a group of remedies or “phenotypical” constitutional types (Eizayaga). While it is common to see individuals who exhibit combinations of these three constitutional types (especially mixtures of the phosphor-fluor and fluoric-mixed type), one type will always predominate.

    As we shall see, nowhere are the anatomical differences among the Calcareas more dramatically illustrated than in the dental apparatus. Thus the dentist has a unique vantage for assessing a patient’s constitutional type, and therefore can gain much insight into that individual’s therapeutical needs. The information I am presenting here is largely lacking in the homeopathic Materia Medicas and I am therefore greatly indebted to M. Tetau, M.D., F. Fuller Royal, M.D., and E. Illovici, M.D., for their writings which helped consolidate the constitutional pictures you are about to meet.

    Calcarea Carbonica

    The carbonica has broad shoulders, a broad forehead and large jaws. The teeth are very white and well aligned but are slow to erupt with difficult teething. The fontanelles of his very large skull are slow to close and his head perspires easily. His tongue is dry, he does not like to talk, and his teeth cannot endure any coldness—even cold air!

    The carbonica resembles the oyster shell from which the remedy is made, that is, he is resistant to change—“a victim of inertia.” Yet, while slow to begin a project, he will, once started, continually plod ahead until the job is completed. While not terribly imaginative, he is logical and is good with mathematics (many mathematicians and accountants are carbonicas).

    His long bones and spine are curved, and his bones, joints, and muscles are as rigid and inflexible as his opinions. He tends to develop hypertension, hypothyroidism, obesity, and autointoxication due to his failure to remove toxins adequately from his body. The child exhibits delayed puberty and is frequently troubled by bedwetting. He is chubby, his complexion has a chalky tint, and he is prone to digestive complaints.

    Major remedies related to the Calcarea Carbonica type aid in the elimination of the body’s toxins: Sulphur, Hepar sulph., Graphites, Silicea, Carb. veg., and Lycopodium.

    Calcarea Phosphorica

    The phosphoricum type is mentally precocious and develops early. He is tall with long arms and legs and his back is stooped. The skull is long (front to back) and narrow, as are the jaws. The forehead is elevated and the nose strong. The teeth are oval and have a yellow cast to them. The palate is narrow with a gothic (high) vault.

    He is very imaginative and artistic and does not tolerate manual labor or any regularity in his life style. Because he cannot stay with any task for very long, he seldom masters anything—despite being a perfectionist at heart.

    He has long eyelashes, his hair is fine, and his skin delicate. When he perspires, he does so all over. He tends toward hyperthyroidism, palpitations, and tuberculosis.

    Major remedies related to the phosphoricum constitutional type are Natrum mur., Ferrum, Kali carb., Iodium, Arsenicum album, Phosphorus, and Stannum.

    Calcarea Fluoricum

    The fluoricum constitution is the picture of instability both mentally and physically. The bones are deformed and the muscles and ligaments are very lax, producing an “S”-shaped posture. The arms hyperextend at the elbows. The dental arch and alignment of the teeth are irregular. The upper jaw protrudes, the feet are abnormally small and the hair is hard and brittle.

    He dislikes exercise and has little physical endurance. He cannot concentrate on anything for long periods of time and seldom perspires at all. His temperament is unstable, he has little control over his reactions, and will say whatever is on his mind. All of his symptoms are worse at night but he feels better in the mountains. He tends toward arteriosclerosis, arthritis, and hypertension.

    The major remedies that relate to the fluoricum constitutional type are: Mercurius, Aurum metallicum, Argentum nitricum, Kali bichromicum, Platina, Nitricum acidum, Baryta carbonica, and Syphilinum.

    The following chart summarizes the characteristics of the three calcareas groups:

    ANATOMICAL AND ORO-FACIAL KEYNOTES (including TMJ)

    KeynoteCalcarea carbonicaCalcarea phosphoricaCalcarea fluorica
    SkeletonResistantFragileIrregular, exostoses
    HandStrong & thickLong & narrowSmall, soft & pliable
    PerspirationLocalized to head & neckAll overVery little (skin dry)
    Athletic typeGood endurance (fullback)Lacks endurance but has brilliant bursts of energy (quarterback)Not well coordinated (team mascot)
    Oro-facialLarge, broad head, open fontanellesElongated head, open fontanellesAsymmetrical head
    Jaws & ArchesLarge ellipticalNarrow elongated ellipticalV-shaped, irregular
    Vault (Palate)LowGothicNarrow & very deep
    Tooth EruptionDelayed & difficult dentitionEarly but painful teethingTeeth erupt out of normal sequence
    TeethWhite with broad stocky crowns. Upper incisors flat & square. Sensitive to coldYellow & long. Upper incisors rectangular with curved facial surfacesGrey-white teeth. Gum boils, sensitive to pressure & eating, looseness of teeth
    Occlusion (bite)Teeth well alignedOften malposition in anterior teethIrregularly set into arches with sagittal (forward or backward) malposition
    TM JointStrong & tightFine & slackHyper-stretch

    CONCLUSION

    This paper presents a brief overview of the role of homeopathy in dentistry as it relates to acute and chronic prescribing and to the three basic constitutional types. Correct homeopathic prescribing for dental maladies will frequently provoke salutary systemic effects, and this should neither threaten nor alarm us. This is simply a reflection of the natural law of cure and illustrates the fact that the dental apparatus is an indivisible component of the integrated whole person. It cannot be otherwise! And for this we should all be grateful—doctor and patient alike.

    Bibliography

    1. Oral Roentgenographic Diagnosis, 3rd ed., Saffne, D.D.S., W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1969. p. 82.
    2. Oral Diagnosis, 3rd ed., Kerr, Ash & Millard, C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, 1970.
    3. “Etiology of Chronic Periodontal Disease: An Alternative Perspective,” Clark & Carey, Journal of the American Dental Association, Vol 110, May, 1985, pp. 583–589.
    4. Interrelation of Odontons and Tissues in Organs, Field Disturbances and Tissue System, Rheinhold Voll, M.D., M.L. Publishers, Dijal Velzen, West Germany, 1976.
    5. Neural Focal Dentistry—Illness Caused by Interference Fields in the Trigeminal, Ernesto Adler, M.D., D.D.S., Multidiscipline Research Foundation, Houston, 1984.
    6. Electric Acupuncture for Dentistry, John Chan, D.D.S., Nutri-Kinetic Dynamics, Inc., Pearl City, Hawaii, 1980.
    7. Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica, J.T. Kent, A.M., M.D., Indian Books & Periodicals Syndicate, Box 2524, Karol Bagh, New Delhi, 110005.
    8. Materia Medica with Repertory, 6th ed., William Boericke, M.D., B. Jain Publishers, New Delhi, 110055.
    9. “Homeopathy, Holistic Medicine: Terrain, Constitution, Temperament.” M. Tetau, M.D., Journal of Ultra Molecular Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 3, Las Vegas, NV, 1983.
    10. “Understanding Homeopathic Constitutions, Part I.” F. Fuller Royal, M.D., Journal of Ultra Molecular Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 2, Las Vegas, NV, 1983.
    11. “Understanding Homeopathic Constitutions,” Part II. F. Fuller Royal, M.D., Journal of Ultra Molecular Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 3, Las Vegas, NV, 1983.
    12. “A New Concept in Essential Homeopathic Mineral Compositions.” Emile Illovici, M.D., Journal of Ultra Molecular Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 3, Las Vegas, NV, 1983.
    13. “Homeopathy with a Dental Accent.” Richard D. Fischer, D.D.S., F.A.C.D., Homeopathy Today, National Center for Homeopathy, Washington, D.C., March, 1984.
    14. Personal Communication, Kathrine Coulter.

    Recommended Reading

    A New Approach to Oral and Dental Disease, Frank W. Stockton, D.D.S., National Center for Homeopathy, Washington, DC.
    The Dental Prescriber, Dr. Colin Lessell. The British Homeopathic Association, 27a Devonshire Street, London.

  • CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA

    Actaea monogynia. C. serpentaria. Macrotys racemosa. Botrophis serpentaria. Black snake root. Black Cohosh (Canada, Georgia, Western States of America). N. O. Ranunculaceae. Tincture of the root. Trituration of the resinoid, Macrotyn.

    Clinical.
    Abortion, tendency to; angina pectoris; disordered appetite; headache; sciatica; heart, affections of; chorea; delirium tremens; fainting; diaphragm, rheumatism of; dyspepsia; pregnancy, disorders of; epilepsy; back, pains; hyperpyrexia; hypochondriasis; hysteria; insomnia; spinal irritation; side, pain in; lumbago; mamma, affections of; puerperal mania; melancholia; meningitis; cerebro-spinal meningitis; menopause; menstruation, disorders of; myalgia; neuralgia; ovaries, affections of; perichondritis; pleurodynia; gouty rheumatism; rheumatism; sinking sensation; tremor; tinnitus aurium; torticollis; uterus, affections of; vomiting of pregnancy.

    Characteristics.
    One of the most marked symptoms of Actaea racemosa lies in the mental sphere: a feeling of melancholy and dejection, as if there were a black pall over everything; shows the suitability of the drug in hysteria and hypochondriasis. There is also fear of death, as in Aconite. Incessant talking, passing from one subject to another, as in delirium tremens. Marked benefit has followed in an inveterate case of epilepsy in which the aura was a “sensation of waves in the brain,” a key symptom of the drug. Many symptoms appear in head and eyes. Sensation as if going mad with headache. Reflex headache from pelvic organs. The headache is frontal, lateral, or occipital, and is accompanied by great pain in the eyes; better from pressure; worse from the least movement. Peculiar sensations are: as if the skull were being lifted; as if the top of the head would fly off; as of a screw through the base of skull to vertex. Inspired air seems to penetrate the skull to the brain, causing a sensation of cold. Intense pain in and around the eyes, lancinating, worse on moving head or eyes. In tinnitus aurium it has been found curative in old-school practice in 15 to 30 drops of the tincture, whether due to direct or reflex irritation (L’Art Méd., July, 1898). On the face there is malar neuralgia, ceasing at night. Many symptoms of digestive disturbance; foul breath and bad taste and a coated tongue; sticky saliva, viscid mucus in throat. Sinking at epigastrium is very marked. The reproductive organs of women are particularly affected by Actaea. Uterine and ovarian pains very marked. Inframammary pains. Tenderness of uterine region. Pains cross hypogastrium, extending from side to side. Dysmenorrhoea and irregular menses. Leucorrhoea with bearing-down in uterus. Labour-like pains. Pain in left ovary. Given before term it makes the pains easier; cures vomiting of pregnancy, and prevents after-pains and oversensitiveness. According to Lippe, a characteristic indication is: “The uterus after a labour is caught in the pelvis with great pain.” Puerperal mania has been cured by it. It also secures living births in women who have had previous still-births without discovered cause; given in daily doses of 1x for two months before term. In the respiratory sphere, a dry teasing cough, worse at night and worse at every attempt to speak, is the most characteristic feature. The rheumatic action of the drug shows in heart and chest pains and in joint and limb pains. Pain in the nape of neck has been found very characteristic. Cerebro-spinal meningitis; head and neck retracted. Sharp pains in chest, especially in the region of the heart, extending down the left arm, which is numb (Acon., Puls., Rhus), as if fixed to the side. Palpitations from the least motion. The heart suddenly ceases. A patient taking 6 drops of the tincture complained of a sensation “as if the heart stopped.” The pains of Actaea r. are like electric shocks here and there; sharp, lancinating in various parts; chest and uterine pains go from side to side. There is a general bruised sensation over the whole body, as if sore; worse from touch. Rest better, motion better. Cold air seems to penetrate the body; very sensitive to it. But the headache is better in the open air; worse in a hot room. Symptoms are worse at night (malar neuralgia better at night); in the morning. Pains in arms and Achilles tendon, worse towards approaching evening. Worse during menses. Eating better. Suited to the climacteric; to nervous persons; to children during dentition.

    Relations.
    Related to Actaea spicata and other Ranunculaceae. Aconite antidotes the insomnia, and Baptisia relieves the headache and nausea of the drug. Resembles Aconite in fear of death and restlessness; Bry. and Puls. in rheumatism; Cauloph. in uterine affections, and also Sep., Nat. m., Lil. t., Ign., Gels. (uterine headache); Lyc. (pains go from side to side), Ars. (fear of being alone); Calc. (visions of rats and mice). In a case of Tanacetum poisoning (taken by a woman in the fifth month to procure abortion), with high fever, rheumatic pains, sensation of prolapse, and abdominal soreness, Act. r. promptly improved after Acon. and Bry. failed. The pregnancy went to term. The resinoid of Act. r., Macrotyn, has been preferred in low triturations instead of the tincture, especially in cases of lumbago.

    Cause.
    Anxiety; fright; disappointment in love; failure in business; over-exertion; labour.

    Symptoms.

    Mind.
    In all mental symptoms there is want of coherence. Thinks she will go crazy; with vertex headache. Miserable, dejected feeling. Melancholy, as if something black over everything. Feels afflicted and disturbed, with sighing. Mania following disappearance of neuralgias. Puerperal mania. Suicidal. Incessant talking, changing from one subject to another. Visions of rats, etc. Fear of death. No disposition to fix the attention on anything. Irritable. Indifferent, taciturn. Feels faint at epigastrium on meeting a friend. Effects of frights; love disappointments; failures in business.

    Head.
    Vertigo, fulness and dull pain at vertex. Sensation of waves in the brain. When asleep the head floats. Rush of blood to head; brain feels very large in skull. Head dull and heavy as after a debauch. Dull pain, particularly in occiput, afternoon and towards evening; worse indoors, better in open air. Headache through the whole brain, with bruised feeling in occipital region. Sensation of a screw through base of skull to vertex. Constant dull pain in occiput extending to vertex. Severe pain in head and eyes, increased by the least movement. Very acute pain in right side of head, behind orbit. Top of head feels as if it would fly off. Headache better in open air. Students’ headache. Sensation as if vertex opened and left it exposed.

    Eyes.
    Intense sore pains in eyes; better from pressure, worse from the least motion. Pain over the eyes, extending to occiput. Ciliary neuralgia; sharp pains in eyes or in temples, extending to eyes, very severe, especially at night; seems as if patient would go crazy. Peculiar wild look.

    Ears.
    Sensitive to the least noise. Singing on the left side, later in both. (Tinnitus from irritation of auditory nerve, direct or reflex.)

    Face.
    Pale, eyes large, sunken, surrounded by dark rings. Forehead feels cold; deathly pallor. Neuralgia affecting the malar bone; pain goes off at night and returns next day. Frequent flushes of heat; wants the open air. Lips dry; upper lip fissured as if bitten.

    Mouth.
    Offensive breath. Mouth and tongue feel dry and hot. Thick mucus on the teeth. Spits thick, sticky saliva. Tongue swollen.

    Throat.
    Viscid mucus in throat; hawking. Dry spots in throat causing cough; dryness of pharynx with constant desire to swallow; fulness in pharynx; mouth and palate swollen; neck stiff. Throat inflamed; pains wake in the night.

    Stomach.
    Nausea, eructations, headache and trembling (most in women). Nausea with uterine affections. Sharp pains across the hypogastrium. Sinking or emptiness at epigastrium.

    Abdomen.
    Periodical colicky pains, better by bending double and after stool. Sharp pains in intestines, lumbar region and limbs. Abdominal muscles sore. Sharp pains across hypogastrium.

    Stool.
    Alternation of diarrhoea and constipation. Frequent stools, thin, dark and offensive.

    Urinary Organs.
    Incessant flow of urine. Frequent micturition and increased quantity. Pressure in renal and lumbar regions.

    Female Sexual Organs.
    Menses profuse, early; dark, clotted; scanty, irregular, delayed or suppressed. Hysterical or epileptic spasms at the time of the menses. Feels strange, talks incoherently, screams, tries to injure herself. Pains in uterine region, go from side to side. Pains in ovarian region, going upwards. Sensation of prolapse in uterine and lumbar regions; limbs feel heavy, clumsy. Severe pain in lower abdomen. Rheumatic dysmenorrhoea. Leucorrhoea with bearing-down in uterus. During pregnancy: nausea; false labour-pains; sharp pains across abdomen; insomnia. During labour chilliness in the first stage; very severe pains; spasmodic cardiac neuralgia; lochia suppressed (from cold or emotions); os uteri rigid; puerperal mania. Tendency to abortion in the third month. Inframammary pains, worse on left side. Burning in mammae.

    Respiratory Organs.
    Night cough, dry, constant, short; worse every time she attempts to speak. Tickling in throat with violent cough. Pains in right side of chest, worse from motion, extorting cries. (Rheumatism of diaphragm. Pleurodynia.)

    Heart.
    Pain in region of heart, followed by palpitations; pains extend to left arm, which is numb and fixed to the side. Pulse weak and irregular; or rapid and full. Palpitations from the least movement.

    Neck and Back.
    Severe pain in nape of neck (rheumatic fever; cerebro-spinal meningitis). Rheumatic pain in muscles of neck and back; a sense of rigidity and retraction. Lightning-like pains in posterior spinal sclerosis. Neck stiff from cold air; worse from moving even the hands. Spine tender; especially cervical and upper dorsal regions. Severe aching in lumbar and sacral regions; extends down the thighs and across the hips, with strong bearing down. Head and neck retracted (in spotted fever).

    Extremities.
    Rheumatic pains in the joints, with heat and swelling. Soreness in the limbs. Excessive muscular soreness. Rheumatism affecting the belly of the muscle. Trembling of the fingers when writing. Tremor of the limbs, can scarcely walk. Feeling of discomfort in the limbs causing restlessness.

    Upper Extremities.
    Pains running down the arms with numbness, as of a nerve compressed. Left arm feels as if fixed to the side (chorea). Constant irregular movement of left arm; disabled (chorea). Cold sweat on the hands. Trembling of the fingers when writing.

    Lower Extremities.
    Soreness in sacrum, lumbar region, and down the left leg. Pressure round hips with pain in sacrum. Towards evening, soreness and stiffness in region of Achilles tendon. Dull, sore, burning in second joint of right great toe, extending up the limb.

    Generalities.
    Rheumatism. Weakness, tremor, and spasmodic actions of muscles. Nervous shuddering; trembling through the body. Spasms, tonic and clonic, alternate. Hysterical and epileptic convulsions. Sharp, lancinating pains in various parts, associated with ovarian and uterine irritation. Affects the left side most. Pains appear suddenly. Pains like electric shocks here and there. Chorea. General bruised feeling over the whole body, as if sore.

    Sleep.
    Obstinate insomnia. Sleepless; cannot rest; must change position; twitchings of limbs. Unpleasant dreams, that she is in trouble. Restless sleep.

  • Psorinoheel, Lymphomyosot , Engystol and Mucosa Compositum usage in combination

    ESTIMATION OF CLINIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC EFFECTIVENESS OF THE USING OF PSORINOHEEL, LYMPHOMYOSOT AND MUCOSA COMPOSITUM S IN COMPLEX TREATMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS IN CHILDREN

    Rudenko I.V.
    Lugansk State Medical University

    Summary
    Investigation of genetic background, cell immunity, condition of hepatobiliary system, biocenosis of intestine and important allergens in children suffering from atopic dermatitis was conducted.

    82 children were examined. The control group included 39 children with age ranging from 3 to 14 years. The main group included 43 children. In the main group patients received complex therapy with antihomotoxic preparations in age dosages.

    Psorinoheel – from 2 to 10 drops 3 times a day during 3 months.

    Lymphomyosot – from 2 to 20 drops 3 times a day during 3 months.

    Mucosa compositum S – from 1/6 to 1 ampoule i/m 3 times a week during 2 weeks with further injection once a week during 3-4 weeks.

    The treatment was prescribed for all patients in the stage of exacerbation.

    Data of cell immunity were investigated before and after the treatment.

    In the main group reliable improvement of functional activity of lymphocytes, decreasing their suppressive activity, normalizing of immune index was noted.

    Intestine bacterial flora was normalized, positive influence on hepatobiliary system and stable clinic remission was noted.

    Received results allow recommending antihomotoxic therapy with combination of preparations Psorinoheel, Lymphomyosot and Mucosa compositum S in children suffering from atopic dermatitis.

    COMPLEX TREATMENT OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM DISCIRCULAR ENCEPHALOPATHY WITH USING ANTIHOMOTOXIC PREPARATIONS

    Dr. med. Sokolova L.I., Gorsea Ya.M., Radzhkovskaya N.S.
    National Medical University, Kiev municipal clinic hospital #4

    Summary
    32 patients (26 women and 6 men) suffering from discircular encephalopathy (cerebrovascular disease) were investigated in neuralgic departments of Kiev municipal clinic hospital №4 in 2002–2003.

    The duration of the disease was less than a year in 13 patients and more than a year – in 19.

    The causes of the disease were – hypertension in 5 patients, atherosclerosis – in 3 patients, combination of atherosclerosis and hypertension – in 25 patients and combination of diabetes and hypertension.

    All patients were occasionally divided into two groups (16 persons in each). The main group included patients who received antihomotoxic preparations – Vertigoheel & Aesculus compositum in addition to standard therapy.

    Patients of the control group received only traditional therapy.

    Vertigoheel was prescribed in dosage 10 drops before the meal 3 times a day during 20 days. Aesculus compositum was applied in dosage 10 drops 20 minutes before the meal by the same scheme.

    In the control group solcoseryl, piracetam, euphyllin or pentoxifylline, platyphylline, group B vitamins during three weeks course of the treatment.

    Preparations Vertigoheel and Aesculus compositum showed good effectiveness in complex treatment of patients suffering from DE of I and II stage. Decreasing of the disease symptoms during the first week of the treatment and disappearance of the majority of complaints on the second-third week of the treatment was noted during the using of the preparations. It outstrips the effect of usage of the traditional therapy by a week. Including antihomotoxic preparations in the complex treatment of patients suffering from DE promoted not only the subjective improvement, but an objective positive dynamics of neurological status, normalizing of brain blood flow and improvement venous outflow according ophthalmoscopy, normalizing of vestibular disturbances of central character. Side effects were not noticed during the application of the preparations.

    THE EXPERIENCE OF USING ANTIHOMOTOXIC PREPARATIONS ANGIN-HEEL AND ENGYSTOL IN THE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM ACUTE TONSILLITIS

    Prof. Dr. med. Karamiev S.A., Dr. med. Palatnaya L.A., Shapoval V.N.
    Bogomolets National Medical University

    Summary
    The aim of the present study was the investigation of the effectiveness of complex antihomotoxic preparations Angin-Heel and Engystol in children with acute lacunar tonsillitis.

    In clinic of children infectious diseases 30 children with age ranging from 2.5 to 14 years were examined. 15 children formed the control group and 15 – the main. The groups were comparable in age, diagnosis and heaviness of the disease.

    The children of the main group in addition to the ordinary therapy received from the first day of staying in clinic Angin-Heel and Engystol according the standard scheme. Duration of the treatment was 7 days. The dosage of the preparations was 1/2 tablet for children before 3 years.

    Children of the control group received ordinary treatment with antibiotics, polyvitamins, desensitizing preparations, inhalations with chlorophyllipt and ethonium.

    All patients were laboratory investigated.

    The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated according to the investigation of the dynamics of clinic symptoms of the disease.

    In the main group on the second day of the treatment normalizing of temperature, decreasing of intoxication manifestation was noted. Decreasing of the leucocytosis and neutrophilosis were observed on the 3–4 day of the treatment. On the second day of the treatment for the tonsils decreased and on the 3–4 day of the treatment it disappeared.

    In the control group temperature normalized at the 3–5 day of the treatment, intoxication disappeared on the 3–4 day of the treatment, fur of the tonsils disappeared on the 4–6 day of the treatment.

    Side effects were not noted during the treatment.

    Received results allow recommending that preparations Angin-Heel and Engystol are effective medicines for the treatment of tonsillitis in children and can be used in combination with traditional allopathic therapy.

    POSSIBILITIES OF ANTIHOMOTOXIC PREPARATION THYREOIDEA COMPOSITUM IN THE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS

    Prof. Dr. med. Zubkova S.T., Dr. med. Muz V.A.
    Komissarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism AMS Ukraine, Kiev

    Summary
    Possibilities of the using of antihomotoxic preparation Thyreoidea compositum in the treatment of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) were investigated.

    Therapeutic effectiveness of preparation Thyreoidea compositum was evaluated in 20 patients in puberty suffering from hypertrophic form of AIT, mainly in condition of euthyreosis. Average age of children was 12.7 ± 1.2 years, duration of the disease was 2.0 ± 0.89 years.

    Three groups of patients were chosen during the analyzing the results.

    I group (10 children) were prescribed Thyreoidea compositum in dosage 1 ampoule i/m once in 3 days, 2.2 ml №10) as a monotherapy;

    II group (10 patients) were prescribed complex therapy – traditional therapy with L-thyroxin (50–100 mcg) or low intensive laser influence in combination with Thyreoidea compositum, and Engystol because of frequent chronic infections.

    Control group was composed with patients (19 persons) of the identical age (13.5 ± 0.45 years) who received only laser therapy or L-thyroxin in combination with laser therapy (III group).

    The results of the conducted investigations allowed determining that antihomotoxic preparation Thyreoidea compositum using both in monotherapy and in complex therapy promoted the decreasing of titers antithyroid antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase, regression of goiter which indicate the immunocorrective and anti-inflammatory action of the preparation.

    USAGE OF ANTIHOMOTOXIC PREPARATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS

    Summary
    24 patients suffering from chronic hepatitis (CH) against a background of chronic alcohol using were under the observation.

    Chronic cholecystitis was diagnosed in 21 (28%) of patients.

    Antibodies to C hepatitis of IgG class were defined in all examined patients.

    Data of active viral replication were not defined, what showed the absence of the necessity of antiviral therapy.

    Clinical manifestation of CH was classical: weakness, fast fatigability, discomfort in the right subcostal zone.

    Laboratory investigations of functional liver samples showed the presence of cytolytic syndrome in all patients; bilirubin level was increased in 9 (37%) patients; gammopathy was defined in 12 (50%), increasing of thymol samples – in 9 patients.

    Treatment included diet with higher protein and vitamin level and prescribing of hepatoprotective medicines.

    On the background of diet therapy patients were prescribed antihomotoxic preparations Hepar compositum and Hepeel.

    Hepar compositum was used in dosage 1 amp. i/m 2 times a week during 5 weeks. Hepeel – 1 tablet 3 times daily 15–20 minutes before the mealtime or 1 hour after.

    Under the influence of the therapy all patients noted improvement of general condition, decreasing intoxication, sleep, efficiency and mood improvement.

    Side effects were not revealed.

    Dynamics of biochemical liver samples was positive.

    Manifestation of chronic cholecystitis was noticeably decreased in all patients.

    Duodenal probe showed decreasing of leucocytes, cholesterol crystals, and mucus in bile.

    Thus complex use of antihomotoxic preparations in patients with CH of mixed aetiology (C viral hepatitis and alcohol) in latent period (when antiviral treatment is not indicated) is an effective method of treatment, directed for normalizing of liver and biliary system functions.

    EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF COMPLEX ANTIHOMOTOXIC PREPARATIONS GRIPP-HEEL, ENGYSTOL AND EUPHORBIUM COMPOSITUM S IN PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT OF GRIPPE AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN

    Summary
    The use of antihomotoxic preparations for prophylaxis and treatment of grippe and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) was studied.

    In the season 2002–2003 antihomotoxic preparations Gripp-Heel and Engystol were used for prophylaxis and treatment of grippe and ARVI.

    Gripp-Heel was prescribed in dosage 1 tab. 1–3 times a day sublingual 15 minutes before the mealtime or 1 hour after during a month, and then Engystol – 1 tab. 1–2 times daily during that term.

    Blind random investigation was done among 42 healthy children in the age ranging from 6 to 14 years (19 boys and 23 girls). All children were divided into two groups – control and main, 21 children in each group.

    Children of main group were prescribed Gripp-Heel and Engystol as a prophylaxis measure, children of control group did not receive any preparations.

    Results evaluation was done by method of accidental selection with calculation of difference among frequency of indications in separate series.

    The investigation has been shown that the usage of Gripp-Heel and Engystol as a prophylaxis measure 2.3 times decreases the morbidity of grippe and ARVI (p<0.05). Even though children fall ill the percentage of light and heavy forms was 28.5%, while children in control group the same data was 61.9%.

    The illness is taking his normal course in the main group, whereas in the control group complications were observed in 4.8% cases (arthritis).

    15 children in the age ranging from 5 months till 14 years old (8 boys, 7 girls) were observed during investigation of the effectiveness of usage antihomotoxic preparations in the treatment of grippe and ARVI.

    By the aetiology ARVI were distributed consequently: grippe – 5 children, paragrippe – 3, RS-infection – 1, ARVI of unstated aetiology – 5 children.

    13 children were included to the control group correlated with the main in heaviness of the disease, sex, age and diagnoses. These children were prescribed febrifuge, antihistamine preparations and vitaminous preparations.

    The treatment of grippe and ARVI with Gripp-Heel and Euphorbinum compositum S accelerates the reverse development of the symptoms as sore throat, cough, headache and pain in muscles according to the results of the investigation.

    Thus in children of the main group stuffy nose, headache, pain in muscles, cough disapeared quicker than the control group. Preparations were of good tolerance, did not show any side effects.

  • Zeel®

    Compositions:

    Tablets: 1 tablet containing: Cartilago suis D4 0.3 mg, Funiculus umbilicalis suis D4 0.3 mg, Embryo totalis suis D4 0.3 mg, Placenta totalis suis D4 0.3 mg, Rhus toxicodendron D2 0.54 mg, Arnica montana D1 0.6 mg, Solanum dulcamara D2 0.15 mg, Symphytum officinale D8 0.15 mg, Sanguinaria canadensis D3 0.45 mg, Sulfur D6 0.54 mg, Nadidum D6 0.03 mg, Coenzyme A D6 0.03 mg, Natrium diethyloxalaceticum D6 0.03 mg, Acidum DL-alpha liponicum D6 0.03 mg, Acidum silicicum D6 3 mg.

    Injection solution: 1 ampoule of 2.0 ml (≈ 2.0 g) contains: Cartilago suis D6 2 mg, Funiculus umbilicalis suis D6 2 mg, Embryo totalis suis D6 2 mg, Placenta totalis suis D6 2 mg, Solanum dulcamara D3 10 mg, Symphytum officinale D6 10 mg, Nadidum D8 2 mg, Coenzyme A D8 2 mg, Sanguinaria canadensis D4 3 mg, Natrium diethyloxalaceticum D8 2 mg, Acidum DL-alpha liponicum D8 2 mg, Rhus toxicodendron D2 10 mg, Arnica montana D4 200 mg, Sulfur D6 3.6 mg.

    Ointment: 100 g containing: Cartilago suis D2, Funiculus umbilicalis suis D2, Embryo suis D2, Placenta suis D2 0.001 g each; Rhus toxicodendron D2 0.270 g; Arnica montana D2 0.3 g; Solanum dulcamara D2 0.075 g; Symphytum officinale D8 0.75 g; Sanguinaria canadensis D2 0.225 g; Sulfur D6 0.27 g; Nadidum D6, Coenzyme A D6, Acidum DL-alpha liponicum D6, Natrium diethyloxalaceticum D6 0.01 g each; Acidum silicicum D6 1.0 g.

    Ointment base: Hydrophilic ointment (DAB 10) containing: emulsifying cetostearyl alcohol (type A), ethanol, purified water, liquid paraffin, white soft paraffin, preserved with 12.8 vol.-% alcohol.


    Indications:

    Arthrosis/osteoarthritis, in particular knee arthrosis, polyarthrosis, spondylarthrosis, rotator cuff syndrome. Rheumatic joint diseases.


    Contraindications:

    Known allergy (hypersensitivity) to one or more of the ingredients. Do not use during pregnancy and lactation.


    Side effects:

    Tablets, injection solution: Allergic (hypersensitivity) skin reactions may occur in very rare cases (i.e. affects less than 1 in 10,000 users).


    Interactions with other medication:

    None known.


    Dosage:

    Tablets – Standard dosage: Adults (and children 12 yrs. and older): 1 tablet to be dissolved in the mouth 3x daily. Acute or initial dosage: 1 tablet every ½ to 1 hr., up to 12x daily, then continue with standard dosage.

    Injection solution – Standard dosage: Adults and children 12 yrs. and older: 1 ampoule 1 to 3x weekly. May be administered by s.c., i.d., i.m., i.a. or i.v. route. Acute or initial dosage: 1 ampoule daily, then continue with standard dosage.

    Ointment – Standard dosage: Adults (and children 12 yrs. and older): Apply 2 to 4x daily. For external use only. Apply a thin layer over the affected area.


    Package sizes:

    • Tablets: Packs containing 50 and 250 tablets. (9757)
    • Injection solution: Packs containing 10 and 100 ampoules of 2.0 ml each. (8705)
    • Ointment: Tubes containing 50 and 100 g of ointment. (9588)


    Clinical notes:

    Zeel may protect against aspects of cartilage damage. The chondrocyte, which is the “control center” of the cartilage, regulates the oscillatory cycle of tissue destruction and regeneration, influenced by IL-6, IL-1, and TNF-α. These cytokines affect matrix metalloproteinases and synthesis of other substances. The regenerative cycle is supported by transforming growth factor-β and plant-based ingredients in Zeel.

    Zeel’s ingredients such as sulfur and cartilage-based tissue materials (e.g., Cartilago suis and Funiculus umbilicalis suis) may support connective tissue regeneration and modulate inflammation.

    References

    1. Clarke JH. A Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica. Vol 1–3. 3rd ed. Bradford, England: Health Science Press; 1977.
    2. Hering C. The Guiding Symptoms of Our Materia Medica. Vol 1–10. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1989.
    3. Murphy R. Homeopathic Medical Repertory: A Modern Alphabetical Repertory. 1st ed. Pagaso Springs, CO: Hahnemann Academy of North America; 1993.
    4. Schroyens F. Synthesis: Repertorium Homeopathicum Syntheticum. 9th ed. London, England: Homeopathic Book Publishers; 2004.
    5. Allen TF. The Encyclopedia of Pure Materia Medica: A Record of the Positive Effects of Drugs Upon the Healthy Human Organism. Vol 1–12. 1st ed. Ridgewood, NJ: Gregg Press Inc; 1964.
    6. Allen TF. Handbook of Materia Medica and Homeopathic Therapeutics. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1889.
    7. Boericke W. Pocket Manual of Homoeopathic Materia Medica With Repertory, Comprising the Characteristic and Guiding Symptoms of All Remedies. 9th ed. Santa Rosa, CA: Boericke & Tafel; 1927.
    8. Burt WH. Physiological Materia Medica. 5th ed. Chicago, IL: Gross & Delbridge; 1896.
    9. Gibson DM. Studies of Homeopathic Remedies. 1st ed. Beaconsfield, England: Beaconsfield Publishers Ltd; 1987.
    10. Hoyne TS. Clinical Therapeutics. Vol 1–2. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1979.
    11. Hughes R, Dake JP. A Cyclopaedia of Drug Pathogenesis. Vol 1–4. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: World Homoeopathic Links; 1891.
    12. Kent JT. Lectures on Homeopathic Materia Medica. 4th ed. London, England, New York, NY, Philadelphia, PA: Boericke & Tafel; 1946.
    13. Kulkarni S. Gynaecologic and Obstetric Therapeutics. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1994.
    14. Lilienthal S. Homeopathic Therapeutics. 5th ed. Calcutta, India: Sett Dey & Co; 1925.
    15. Morrison R. Desktop Companion to Physical Pathology. 1st ed. Albany, CA: Hahnemann Clinic Publishing; 1998.
    16. Allen HC. Keynotes and Characteristics With Comparisons of Some of the Leading Remedies of the Materia Medica. 1st ed. Wellingborough, England: Thorsons Publishers Ltd; 1987.
    17. Allen HC. The Therapeutics of Intermittent Fever. 2nd ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1884.
    18. Blackwood AL. A Manual of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacology (With Clinical Index). 2nd ed. New Delhi, India: World Homoeopathic Links; 1922.
    19. Choudhuri NM. A Study on Materia Medica and Repertory. 2nd ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1988.
    20. Cleveland CL. Salient Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1888.
    21. Degroote F. Physical Examination and Observations in Homoeopathy. 1st ed. Gent, Belgium: Homoeoden Bookservice; 1992.
    22. Dewey WA. Practical Homeopathic Therapeutics. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Boericke & Tafel; 1934.
    23. Douglass MF. Pearls of Homeopathy. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1903.
    24. Farrington EA. The Clinical Materia Medica Being a Course of Lectures Delivered at the Hahnemann Medical College, of Philadelphia. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Hahnemann Publishing House; 1900.
    25. Farrington EA. Lesser Writings With Therapeutic Hints. 1st ed. Calcutta, India: Salzer & Co; 1935.
    26. Mohanty N. Text-Book of Homoeopathic Materia Medica. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1997.
    27. Royal G. Textbook of Homoeopathic Materia Medica. 1st ed. Calcutta, India: Roy Publishing House; 1920.
    28. Murphy R. The Homeopathic Remedy Guide: 1200 Homeopathic and Herbal Remedies. 1st ed. Blacksburg, VA: HANA Press; 2000.
    29. Vermeulen F. Concordant Materia Medica. 2nd ed. Haarlem, the Netherlands: Merlijn Publishers; 1997.
    30. Phatak SR. Materia Medica of Homeopathic Medicines. 1st ed. London, England: Foulke-Vaughan Publishers; 1988.
    31. Dunham C. Lectures on Materia Medica. 3rd ed. London, England, New York, NY, Philadelphia, PA: Boericke & Tafel; 1934.
    32. Vermeulen F. Synoptic Materia Medica. Vol 1. 6th ed. Haarlem, the Netherlands: Merlijn Publishers; 2000.
    33. Hahnemann S. Materia Medica Pura. Vol 1–2. 1st ed. London, England: Homeopathic Book Publishers; 1800.
    34. Hahnemann S. The Chronic Diseases, Their Peculiar Nature and Their Homoeopathic Cure. Tafel LH, trans-ed. Vol 1–2. 2nd ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1981.
    35. Wheeler CE. An Introduction to the Principles and Practice of Homoeopathy. 3rd ed. Saffron Walden, England: CW Daniel Co Ltd; 1948.
    36. Hughes R. Manual of Homoeopathic Pharmacodynamics. 5th ed. London, England: Leath & Ross; 1886.
    37. Boer CRM. A Synoptic Key of the Materia Medica. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1931.
    38. Buck H. The Outlines of Materia Medica and a Clinical Dictionary. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1865.
    39. Burt WH. Characteristic Materia Medica. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1978.
    40. Farrington EA. Comparative Materia Medica. 3rd ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1983.
    41. Farrington EA. Clinical Materia Medica Being a Course of Lectures Delivered at the Hahnemann Medical College, of Philadelphia. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Hahnemann Publishing House; 1900.
    42. Lippe A. Keynotes and Red Line Symptoms of Materia Medica. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1998.
    43. Allen MF. Special Symptomatology of the New Remedies. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd.
    44. Allen TF. A Primer of Materia Medica for Practitioners of Homoeopathy. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Boericke & Tafel; 1892.
    45. Reinhart E. Suis-Orgnpräparate in der Homotoxikologie. 1st ed. Baden-Baden, Germany: Aurelia Verlag; 1994.
    46. Reckeweg H-H. Homoeopathia Antihomotoxica–Symptomen- und Modalitätenverzeichnis mit Arzneimittellehre. Vol 1–2. 6th ed. Baden-Baden, Germany: Aurelia Verlag; 1999.
    47. Schmidt F, Baumgärtel A. Antihomotoxische Medizin–Band II: Homöopathische Antihomotoxica. Vol 2. 1st ed. Baden-Baden, Germany: Aurelia Verlag; 1996.
    48. Gupta RL. Director of Diseases and Cures in Homoeopathy: 1500 Authoritative References With Causes & Symptoms. Vol 1–2. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1989.
    49. Rastogi DP. Homoeopathic Gems. 2nd ed. New Delhi, India: Jain Publishers Ltd; 1993.
    50. Vermeulen F. Synoptic Materia Medica Illustrated–Similarities and Parallels Between Substance and Remedy. 2nd ed. Haarlem, the Netherlands: Merlijn Publishers; 2002.
    51. Plotnik M, Siman R. Biomodulation of osteoarthritis. J Biomed Ther. 2008;2:47–4.

  • ACONITUM NAPELLUS

    General Action.
    Monkshood; Aconite; Wolfsbane. Grows in damp pastures and waste places of mountainous districts in Central and Southern Europe, Russia, Scandinavia and Central Asia. Ranunculaceae. Tincture of the entire plant with root when it begins to flower.

    Clinical.
    Abortion; amaurosis; tonsillitis; apoplexy; affections of the joints; asthma; yawning; bronchitis; hip-joint affections; flushes of face; catalepsy; catheter fever; headache; sudden blindness; cystitis; cholera; infantile cholera; consumption; convulsions; heart, affections of; croup; dengue fever; dentition; diarrhoea; dysentery; dysmenorrhoea; oedema; pregnancy; chilling; enteritis; numbness; erythema nodosum; chill; scarlatina; excitement; oesophagus, inflammation of; yellow fever; puerperal fever; remittent fever; traumatic fever; phlegmasia alba dolens; glands, swollen; throat, affections of; glossitis; gonorrhoea; haemorrhages; haemorrhoids, strangulated; liver, inflammation of; hyperpyrexia; Hodgkin, disease; jaundice; influenza; insomnia; anger; lactation; laryngitis; tongue, affections of; lumbago; mania; meningitis; menstruation, disorders of; myalgia; myelitis; miliaria; nephritis; pneumonia; neuralgia; odontalgia; ears, affections of; eyes, affections of; smell, disorders of; urine, suppression of; paralysis; parotitis; labour; chest, affections of; peritonitis; pleurisy; pleurodynia; lungs, affections of; purpura; cold; roseola; measles; thirst; effects of fright; testicles, affections of; tetanus; tetany; torticollis; cough; whooping-cough; urethra, spasmodic stricture; urethral fever; uterus, prolapse of; vaccination, effects of; varicella; vertigo.

    Characteristics.
    Aconite grows in moist, shaded parts in almost all mountainous countries of Northern and Middle Europe, especially the Jura, Switzerland, Sweden and Germany. Teste mentions its reputation of being more poisonous to carnivorous than to herbivorous animals. This is partly supported and was apparently lately confirmed by an ineffectual attempt to poison an elephant with aconitine in this country. A carrot was scraped and enough aconitine to poison two thousand men was put upon it. The elephant ate it and nothing happened, and three hours later a large dose of prussic acid was administered, which proved quickly fatal.
    Before Hahnemann, Aconite had a reputation as a diaphoretic in cases of rheumatism, sciatica and tumours, but not until Hahnemann proved it were its properties rightly understood. Aconitum is more closely associated with the rise and progress of homoeopathy than any other member of the Materia Medica. If Cinchona was the Newton’s apple in the discovery of homoeopathy, Aconitum was the medicine by which Hahnemann was able to find the conditions that in his day were treated by blood-letting. Aconite more than any other remedy prepared the way for the disappearance of blood-letting from general medical practice. One of the most deadly poisons and of the most rapid action became, through Hahnemann’s discovery, the best friend of medical care.
    Aconitum in potency above the third is a medicine of perfect safety for any age. Sensitive patients sometimes complain of its depressing action when repeated, and cases are known in which the characteristic prostration of mind and body has occurred after giving Aconitum in potencies. But these cases are exceptional, and unattended by danger when they occur. The great majority of patients to whom Aconitum in potencies has been given experience nothing of this kind.
    The rapidity of Aconite’s action determines its applicability to states in which symptoms appear with great intensity, as in Asiatic cholera, certain fevers and acute inflammations. To this list may be added attacks of sudden blindness. But let it not be supposed that Aconite’s sphere is limited to acute cases. When symptoms correspond it will cure conditions of great chronicity, for example, cases of indurated glands.
    Dr Hughes has strongly insisted that the states to which Aconite is homoeopathic are those of tension; and this word gives the best idea of Aconite’s sphere of action. There is mental and emotional tension, as shown in fright or fear and its consequences, anxiety and fear of death; tension in the systemic vessels, as in the effect of chill, Asiatic cholera and haemorrhages; muscular tension as in tetanus; tension of involuntary muscles as in spasm of the heart and tension of the semi-involuntary muscles of the respiratory apparatus as in asthma; and finally tension of the special senses, sensations very intense and an exalted sensibility to pain; a sense of numbness of parts as if tightly bandaged, and also a sensation as if tightly bandaged in the extremities and elsewhere.
    Therefore Aconite in its therapeutic actions corresponds to the effects of a number of states which excite a condition of tension. Plethora may be classed under this head. Plethoric persons of animated character, bilious and nervous constitutions, with brown or jet-black hair, are especially adapted to Aconite. Active congestions of all kinds, especially those followed by chill. Guernsey puts it in another way: the pure and complete development of the blood-globule in the most perfect type, when it becomes diseased, has great affinity for Aconite. When the blood-globules are disorganised it is rarely indicated. We think of Aconite in sudden inflammations, especially caused by cold, dry air, suppressed exhalations of the body.
    Teste relates a remarkable case of an Englishman obliged to make long sledge journeys in mid-winter in Northern Russia, who afterwards for two years suffered violent paroxysms of palpitation and sharp pains in the region of the heart with threat of cerebral apoplexy. Important physicians in England and on the Continent diagnosed aneurism. Teste localised the affection to a neurosis or spasm of the pectoralis major, and proved his diagnosis by rapid cure with Aconite. The cutting, penetrating winds of the mountains where the plant flowers give indication of the action of this remedy. Few medicines have cause so intensely marked among their characteristics. Cold, fright, trauma or surgical operations are the causes found in the great majority of Aconite cases; timely administration will protect from serious results.
    The reaction of primary chill affords another characteristic of Aconite: fever. With the Aconite fever there are restlessness and constant movement, and the state of tension is evident in the accompanying anxiety, sometimes with fear of death. The mental exaltation sometimes goes so far that he predicts the day and hour of his death. Clairvoyance. Extreme sensibility to light and sounds and to all sensations, including pain. When disease begins calmly and patiently Aconite will not be needed. It was the febrile restlessness of the provers of Aconite that led Hahnemann to infer its homoeopathicity to many states of fever; and it is the presence of this restlessness, anxiety, fear and exalted sensibility that are the chief indications in conditions of many kinds.
    Some characteristics are these. Active haemorrhage in plethoric, full-bodied persons. They pass almost pure blood at stool. In haemoptysis the blood appears with great facility on coughing, bright red in large quantities, from chill, dry winds, with great fear, anxiety and palpitation. Each inspiration increases the cough. Titillation in the chest after coughing. Unquenchable thirst: everything tastes bitter except water. In croup children grasp the throat with each paroxysm of cough. Coldness, numbness and tingling characterise the paralysis and neuroses of Aconite. Facial paralysis from exposure to cold, dry winds. The fear and apprehension of Aconite is shown in fear of crossing streets. There is intolerance of music. Curious symptoms are these: imagines some part of the body deformed; imagines he makes all his thoughts from the stomach; predicts the hour of his death. Aconite is one of the great remedies for pain, rivaling Chamomilla and Coffea in the intensity of the pains it causes. Pains are intolerable and drive to despair. The pains are tearing, cutting; attended with restlessness; with numbness, tingling or formication. Aconite cannot bear pain, cannot bear to be touched, cannot bear to be covered. Toothache is one-sided, with redness of the cheek of the same side.
    Guernsey gives these indications: if a child is suffering from watery diarrhoea, crying and complaining much, biting his wrists and sleepless, Aconite will usually quiet the trouble in short time. The state of mental disturbance will cease and quiet sleep follow. The mother will insist: Doctor, he is well, except his bowels are as bad as ever. Now do not give another medicine, but wait and see if Aconite will complete the cure by itself. Another case: hot, red, scanty urine, caused by chill, especially in children. The child screams and seems in great pain because he cannot pass water. Aconite will cease the pain, quiet the child, and the urine will flow a little later. In adults, incontinence of urine is sometimes benefited by Aconite.
    Aconite has a wide sphere in affections of the eyes. Inflammations of many kinds from cold, blows, dust, surgical operations, scrofulous inflammation with enlarged glands, all are within its reach. Notable cases of sudden blindness have been cured by it. Hirsch of Prague records two cases, one of a man, aged thirty, who went to bed well, had walked home in stormy, bad weather after having been in a hot room; Aconite 3 was given; the next night he perspired profusely, and in the morning his sight was restored. Hirsch himself lost his sight suddenly while bathing in hot water. He took Aconite 3 in water as he gave to his patient. In two hours he began to sweat, and after six hours’ sleep awoke well. Lippe records the case of a lady who was seized with great malaise, anxiety and paralysing fear. In her usual health she had taken a full meal, and reading afterwards the letters danced before her eyes and the impression became blurred; face and nose became numb; pulse small, 120 per minute. A dose of Aconite c.m. (Finke) was given. The numbness disappeared in half an hour; pulse 72; vision was perfect when one eye was closed, but everything seemed indistinct when both were kept open. This symptom disappeared the next morning; a swimming in the head remained that day.
    The time of aggravation is chiefly night and midnight. Heat as well as cold is injurious to the Aconite patient; sunstroke is an indication, and Aconite will cure many headaches from exposure to the sun, and also solar erythema. Headache is generally better in the open air, worse in a hot room; toothache and cough worse in the open air. Better by uncovering. A hot room aggravates chill; in fever the bed is intolerable; he wants to be uncovered. Perspiration on parts affected or covered. There is aggravation from wines or stimulants; worse from drinking any kind of fluids. Rest relieves symptoms in general, but during the night the pains are intolerable, the limbs feel tired and the chill is worse. Lying down relieves headache and vertigo and aggravates other complaints. Lying on the back relieves cough and stitches in the chest; lying on the side increases stitches and cough; the cheek on which he lies sweats. Rising from a seat causes vertigo. Vertigo, pallor, fainting when sitting up in bed. Bending double relieves colic and dysmenorrhoea. Motion aggravates pains in muscles, joints and stiffness.

    Relations.
    Aconitum napellus is related in its actions to other aconites and to aconitine, and also to the Ranunculaceae, Actaea rac., Actaea spic., Paeon., Podoph., Ranunculus, Staph. Teste places with Aconite the following: Coccul., Cham., Dulc., Cannab. i., Con.; but admits the relations are not intimate and that Aconite is really without analogues. Antidoted by Acet. ac., Alcohol, Paris. Antidotal to Bell., Cham., Coff., Nux v., Pet., Sep., Spo., Sul. Frequently indicated after Arn., Coff., Sul., Verat. Complementary to Coff. (in fever, insomnia, intolerance of pain), Arn. (contusions, injuries of the eye), Sul. Ameliorates disorders from Act. rac., Cham., Coff., Nux v., Pet., Sul. Sulphur is indicated in abuses of Aconite. Compare Stram. and Op. in effects of fright; and Sul. in most of its symptoms. Sul. is the chronic of Acon.; it frequently completes an action begun by Aconite, and will cure cases in which Aconite, though apparently indicated, fails. Compare also Puls., Lyc. and Camph. (better by uncovering); Hep. and Coff. (intolerance of pains); Chi. (white stools); Gels. (effects of bad news, fright, anger); Nux and Bry. (diarrhoea of cholera); Bry. (effects of cold and dry winds).

    Causation.
    Fright; fear; chill; cold, dry winds; heat, especially of the sun; traumatism; surgical operations; shock.

    Mind.
    Great agitation and bodily restlessness with anguish; inconsolable irritability; screams, weeps, laments and reproaches; irritable sensitiveness; fearful anticipation that death is approaching; predicts the day he will die; sadness; presentiments as of a state of clairvoyance; anthropophobia and misanthropy; has no affection for anyone; malicious; intense disposition to be angry, to be frightened and to quarrel; the least noise, even music, is unbearable; changing humour, now sad, depressed, irritable and despairing, then gay, excited, hopeful and disposed to sing and dance; humbled by trifles; takes jokes amiss; dislikes to speak; answers laconically; alternating paroxysms of laughter and tears; great inconsolable anxiety; anxious about his illness and despairs of recovery; fear of spectres; fear of the dark; disposition to run out of bed; mind as if paralysed, with incapacity for reflection, and a sensation as if all intellectual functions were performed in the region of the stomach; paroxysms of mania; inconstancy of ideas; in delirium unhappy, worried, despairing, with expression of fear in the countenance, but rarely unconscious; delirium chiefly at night, with ecstasy; weakness of memory; disorders from fright, terror, vexation.

    Head.
    Head affected as if the brain were nailed, chiefly in the heat of a room; vertigo, particularly on rising from bed, or also on rising from a seat, on standing, on moving or shaking the head, with loss of consciousness, dim vision, nausea and weakness at the pit of the stomach; vertigo with tendency to fall to the right; vision vanishes; epistaxis; sensation as if the brain were loose in the skull, increased by the least movement, even by speaking or drinking; headache with inclination to vomit, also with actual vomiting; head as if bruised, with sore feeling in the limbs; stupefying headache with sensation of compression and drawing together as by a cramp, chiefly in forehead and root of nose; weight and fullness in forehead and temples with expansive pressure as if everything would come out through them, especially on stooping forward; sensation as if a board were before the forehead; sudden blows and throbbings in head; tearing headache, sometimes semilateral; sensation as if a ball lay on the head, and a coldness spread over it; congestion of blood to head with heat and redness of face, or with sensation of heat in the brain, sweat on the skin with shuddering, and pallor of face; sensation of heat in head that sweats with pale face; inflammation of the brain; sensation of fullness and heaviness in forehead with feeling as if the whole brain would come out of the eyes, with nausea and giddiness, worse from talking and from movement; heat and ebullition in head as if boiling water were in the brain; roarings and noises in head; sensation at vertex as if pulled by the hair; sensation as if the hair stood on end; headache from cold or suppression of perspiration with buzzing in ears, coldness of head and colic; aggravation of head pains from movement, talking, rising from recumbency and from drinking; amelioration in the open air.

    Eyes.
    Eyes red and inflamed, with deep injection of vessels and intolerable pains; profuse lachrymation; heat and burning in eyes with pressure and sudden pains, especially on moving eyes; swelling of eyes; dilated pupils; eyelids feel dry, hard, heavy; sensitive to air; hard, red swelling of eyelids; eyes sparkling, convulsive and prominent; fixed look; cannot bear the reflection of light on snow, it causes sparks, specks and scintillations dancing before the eyes; excessive photophobia or an intense desire for light; black spots and mist before vision; dazzled by flickerings; fear that he may be touched by others in passing; sight as if through a veil; difficulty in distinguishing faces, with anxiety and vertigo; sudden attacks of blindness; drawing in eyelids with drowsiness; ophthalmia very painful, with weeping eyes, or from foreign bodies in eyes, dust, sparks; after operations.

    Ears.
    Tinkling and buzzing in ears; tickling and sharp pains; sensation as if something were placed before the ears; excessive sensitiveness of hearing, all noises are intolerable; music goes through the limbs and makes him sad; tearing in left ear; roarings in ears.

    Nose.
    Crushing pressure or cramp at root of nose; epistaxis, especially in plethoric persons; excessive sensitiveness of smell, especially to unpleasant odours; violent sneezing with pain in abdomen and in left side; coryza with catarrh, headache, buzzing in ears and colic; coryza caused by chill, cold winds; suppressed coryza with headache; better in the open air, worse by speaking; fluent coryza with frequent sneezing; clear, hot watery discharge; fluent in the morning.

    Face.
    Anxious, frightened expression; face bloated, hot and red, or bluish, or alternating red and pale, or yellow; on rising, the previously red face assumes a deadly pallor, afterwards it becomes red again; red and pale alternately; red of one cheek with pallor of the other, or red patches on both cheeks; sweat on forehead, upper lip and on the cheek pressed against the pillow; distortion of features; tingling pain and sensation of swelling in cheeks; tension and drawing along trigeminal nerve, then sudden shifting intermittent pains, then constant pain, sometimes pressing; pain as of ulceration in malar bones; semilateral prosopalgia with swelling of lower jaw; lips black and dry, peeling; tingling in cheeks; sudden burning pains with tingling, with successive twitchings in the jaws; falling of the jaw; trismus.

    Teeth.
    Throbbing or stabbing lancinations in teeth, often with congestion of blood through the head and heat of face; toothache from chill, with throbbing in one side of face, intense redness of cheek and great restlessness; grinding of teeth.

    Mouth.
    Sensation of dryness, or actual dryness of mouth and tongue; tongue white; saburral, or thick yellow-white coating; burning, itching or pricking in tongue, with accumulation of saliva; paralysis of tongue; numbness of tongue, also of lips; trembling speech and stammering; pain as of excoriation at the orifices of the salivary ducts as if ulcerated; trismus with salivation; uvula feels enlarged and touches the tongue.

    Throat.
    Sore throat with intense redness of the parts affected and difficult deglutition; tickling in the oesophagus; sensation of tickling, rawness, burning and stitches in the throat, chiefly on swallowing; acute inflammations of the throat, palate, tonsils and fauces, with high fever, dark redness of parts, burning and stitches in the fauces; burning and numbness in throat; throat almost insensible; stitches in throat and along the Eustachian tubes that impel to swallow; sensation of contraction in throat as if caused by acrid substances; stitches in throat on swallowing and on coughing; almost entirely unable to swallow, with hoarseness.

    Appetite.
    Bitter taste in mouth, or putrid; all kinds of food and drink, except water, taste bitter; unquenchable burning thirst, sometimes with desire for beer; excessive hunger and thirst, but eats slowly; generally worse from drinking; gastric catarrh from drinking iced water when heated; generally better from cold drinks, especially the anxiety; loss of appetite and disgust for food; beer lies heavy on the stomach; desires wine, brandy, beer, bitter drinks; wine generally better.

    Stomach.
    Waterbrash like heartburn, with nausea; inclination to vomit as after having eaten something sweet or fatty; bilious, greenish or mucous vomit, and of blood; vomiting of pure blood; vomiting of mucus with blood, or of what has been taken, followed by thirst; nausea and retching; vomiting of worms; vomiting with nausea and thirst, heat, profuse sweating and increased micturition; pains in stomach after eating or drinking; sensation of distension, tension and pressure like a weight in the praecordial region and in the stomach, sometimes with difficult breathing; pressure in stomach and pit as from a hard stone; pit of stomach sore to touch and meteorism; sensation of contraction in stomach as from an acrid substance.

    Abdomen.
    Constriction, tension and pressure in the hypochondria, sometimes with fullness and sense of weight; burning, sudden, stabbing pains and pressure in hepatic region with difficult breathing; painful sensitiveness to touch in region of liver; inflammation and sore feeling in liver; pressure in liver with difficulty of breathing; jaundice, of the new-born, from fright, from chill; dragging pains in abdomen in stooping position, as when at stool; constriction, pricks and burning in umbilical region, sometimes with retraction of navel; intolerable cutting pains in abdomen, chiefly in epigastrium; swelling of abdomen as in ascites; painful sensitiveness of abdomen to touch and the least movement; flatulent colic, especially at night, with pressure, tension and borborygmi, with rumbling in abdomen.

    Stool and Anus.
    Suppression of stool; stools small, frequent, soft with tenesmus; loose watery stools; stools like chopped spinach; white stools with dark red urine; choleriform discharges with collapse, mortal anxiety and restlessness; involuntary stools from paralysis of anus; constipation, stools clay-coloured; nausea and sweat before and after watery stools; pains in rectum; violent pain in rectum with chill and fever, inflammation, tenesmus, bloody discharge, dysentery; pressure and stitches in anus; haemorrhoids bleeding, with heat and sharp stitches, bright blood; diarrhoea with flow of urine and colic; sensation as of hot liquid escaping from the anus.

    Urinary Organs.
    Suppression of urine with pressure in bladder and lumbar pains; frequent desire to pass water accompanied by anxiety and pain; flow of urine with sweat, diarrhoea and colic; involuntary emissions of urine from relaxation of the neck of the bladder; enuresis with thirst; urine scanty, burning, deep red with brick-dust sediment, caused by chill, especially in children; suppression from chill; sanguinolent sediment in urine; urine hot, red, scanty without sediment; heat and tenesmus at the neck of the bladder.

    Male Sexual Organs.
    Venereal inclination alternately increased and diminished; amorous paroxysms; stitches in the parts; bruised pains in the testicles; testicles feel swollen, hard, as if overcharged with semen; orchitis; gonorrhoea, first stage; pruritus of prepuce; sudden pains and pricks in the glans when urinating.

    Female Sexual Organs.
    Menses very profuse and prolonged; menstruation suppressed by fright, by getting the feet cold; after-pains very painful and very prolonged; milk-fever with delirium; puerperal peritonitis; maniacal fury at the appearance of the menses; stabbing pains move from the right side of the uterine fundus; sudden sharp pains, abdomen excessively sensitive; ovaritis from sudden suppression of the menstrual flow; pressive labour-like pains in the uterus, dysmenorrhoea; uterine haemorrhage, active, very excitable, giddy, cannot sit, fear of death; vagina dry, hot, sensitive; leucorrhoea copious, tenacious, yellow; increases milk in breasts.

    Respiratory Organs.
    Sensation of numbness in trachea; attacks of paralysis in epiglottis with tendency to choke; pain in larynx; larynx sensitive to touch and to inspired air, as if denuded; laryngeal trouble after straining the voice; hoarse voice; constant desire to cough, produced by irritation or tickling in the larynx; inflammation of larynx and bronchi; cough from having drunk or smoked; short, dry cough, chiefly at night; a convulsive, hoarse or noisy cough, sometimes with danger of suffocation and constriction of larynx; membranous angina with dry cough and rapid respiration; croup; expectoration of thick whitish matter, or of blood-streaked mucus, or he spits blood while coughing; sudden painful stitches in chest on coughing; cough with stitches in chest or in lumbar region; cough worse after eating or drinking; when lying; at dusk; at night, worse after midnight; during sleep; from smoking tobacco; from vexation, especially fright; when heated; from dry cold winds; from walking in the open air; on assuming the erect posture; from deep inspiration; from talking.

    Chest.
    Short breathing, chiefly during sleep and on rising; painful, anxious respiration with groaning, rapid and superficial, or full, noisy and with open mouth; slow breathing during sleep; breath hot; fetid breath; constriction and anxious oppression of chest with difficult breathing; Millar’s asthma; attacks of suffocation with anxiety; sensation of heaviness and compression in chest; painful stitches in chest, chiefly on breathing, coughing and moving, even the arms; stitches through the chest and sides, especially on breathing and coughing; stitches in sides with tearful, complaining humour, somewhat relieved when lying on the back; pleurisy and pneumonia, especially with great heat, much thirst, dry cough and great nervous excitability, somewhat relieved lying on the back; pruritus of chest; bruised pains in the sternum and sides; sense of anguish in chest interrupting respiration.

    Heart.
    Palpitations with great anxiety, heat of body chiefly in face and great weariness in the limbs; sudden pains in region of heart when moving or going upstairs; sensation of compression and beating in region of heart; inflammation of heart; chronic heart disease with continuous pressure in left side of chest, oppression of breathing on quick movement and ascending stairs, stitches in region of heart, congestion to head; fainting fits with tingling in fingers; fainting with tingling; pulse full, strong, hard; slow, weak; thread-like with anxiety; rapid, hard, small.

    Neck and Back.
    Weakness and pain as if bruised in nape; pain as if bruised in back and loins; painful stiffness in nape, loins and hip-joint; boring pain in back and loins, tingling and stitches in back.

    Upper Extremities.
    Pain as from a blow, and weakness in arms, chiefly in shoulders, with swelling; heaviness of arms with numbness of fingers; numbness of left arm, can scarcely move the hand; paralytic weakness of arm and hand, especially when writing; drawing in arms; hands dead; swelling of hands; heat of hands with coldness of feet; cold sweat on palms; icy coldness of hands; tingling in fingers, particularly when writing; inflammatory swelling of elbow with numbness and a paralytic state of the fingers.

    Lower Extremities.
    Pain as from a blow in hip-joints, especially after sleep, when leaning or resting for some time; drawing with paralytic weakness in legs; sudden pain in hip-joint extending even to knee, pain forcing a cry at each step; want of strength and of steadiness in hip and knee-joints; tearing, drawing pains in knee; inflammatory swelling of knee with bright redness, sudden pains, stiffness and great sensitiveness to touch; sensation of stiffness in legs on moving them; pain in instep with despair and fear of death; numbness in legs; heaviness of foot; coldness of foot, chiefly of toes, and sweat on sole; tingling beginning in foot and extending upward.

    Generalities.
    Sudden or rheumatic pains produced by wine or other stimulants; sufferings which particularly at night seem intolerable and generally disappear when sitting; attacks of pain with thirst and redness of cheeks; troublesome sensitiveness of the body and especially of the parts affected at every movement and on the slightest touch; bruised pain and sense of weight in all the limbs; drawing with paralytic weakness in arms and legs; want of strength and steadiness, pains and noises in the joints, chiefly of the legs; rapid and general decay of strength; fainting, especially on rising, with pallor of cheeks which become red on lying down; fainting fits chiefly on rising from a recumbent posture, sometimes with congestion of blood to head, buzzing in ears, deathly paleness of face and trembling; congestions to head, chest, heart; restlessness as from suppression of perspiration, or in consequence of a chill, with headache, buzzing in ears, colic and coldness of head; sensation of cold and of stagnation of blood in all the vessels; jerks in the limbs; cataleptic attack with screams, grinding of teeth and hiccough; chill of body and loud lamentations; tetanus; swelling of the whole body, which assumes a blackish colour.

    Skin.
    Sensation as if something were crawling in the skin with pruritus and desquamation, chiefly in the parts affected; skin dry and burning; swelling and burning heat of injured parts; yellow face; yellowish colour of skin; skin shining, red, hot, swollen with violent pain; sudden eruptions with excoriated feeling here and there; spots like mosquito-bites on hands, on body, etc.; small, broad red pimples accompanied by itching; measles; rash of children; miliary purpura.

    Sleep.
    Great desire to sleep even when walking and chiefly after meals; drowsy with anxious thoughts and rapid breathing; confused reveries with the eyes closed without sleep; insomnia from anxiety with constant tossing and restlessness; insomnia with restlessness, eyes closed, and constant uneasiness; starts in sleep; anxious dreams with nightmares; anxious dreams, he talks and moves in sleep; dreams with a sort of clairvoyance; light sleep; impossibility of lying on one side; during sleep lies on his back with the hand under the head, or in a sitting posture with the head bent forward.

    Fever.
    Burning dry heat with extreme thirst, sometimes, especially at the commencement of the illness, preceded by chill with shivering; heat chiefly in head and face with redness of cheeks, shuddering through the whole body, oppressive headache, lachrymose temper, disposition to complain and to contradict; or a sensation of heat over the whole body with redness of cheeks, headache on moving the eyes and lightness of mind; chill on the least uncovering while heat exists; coldness over the whole body with internal heat, cold forehead and hot tips of ears, or with redness of cheeks and pains in the limbs, or with stiffness of the whole body, heat and redness of one cheek and coldness and paleness of the other; eyes open and fixed, pupils contracted, and dilate with difficulty; sensation of coldness in the blood-vessels; cold and shivering in the fingers followed by cramps in the calves and soles; heat of face with despairing and dejected thoughts and inclination to vomit preceded by coldness and shivering in feet and hands; shuddering runs upwards from feet to chest; frequent shudderings with burning heat and dryness of skin; inflammatory fever and inflammations with great heat, dry burning skin, violent thirst, red face or alternation of red and pale face, nervous excitability, moaning and agonising restlessness, short breathing and congestion to head; continuous perspiration, especially on the parts that are covered; sour sweat; pulse hard, frequent and accelerated, full, sometimes intermittent, almost imperceptible like a thread.ACONITUM NAPELLUS.

    General Action.
    Monkshood; Aconite; Wolfsbane. Grows in damp pastures and waste places of mountainous districts in Central and Southern Europe, Russia, Scandinavia and Central Asia. Ranunculaceae. Tincture of the entire plant with root when it begins to flower.

    Clinical.
    Abortion; amaurosis; tonsillitis; apoplexy; affections of the joints; asthma; yawning; bronchitis; hip-joint affections; flushes of face; catalepsy; catheter fever; headache; sudden blindness; cystitis; cholera; infantile cholera; consumption; convulsions; heart, affections of; croup; dengue fever; dentition; diarrhoea; dysentery; dysmenorrhoea; oedema; pregnancy; chilling; enteritis; numbness; erythema nodosum; chill; scarlatina; excitement; oesophagus, inflammation of; yellow fever; puerperal fever; remittent fever; traumatic fever; phlegmasia alba dolens; glands, swollen; throat, affections of; glossitis; gonorrhoea; haemorrhages; haemorrhoids, strangulated; liver, inflammation of; hyperpyrexia; Hodgkin, disease; jaundice; influenza; insomnia; anger; lactation; laryngitis; tongue, affections of; lumbago; mania; meningitis; menstruation, disorders of; myalgia; myelitis; miliaria; nephritis; pneumonia; neuralgia; odontalgia; ears, affections of; eyes, affections of; smell, disorders of; urine, suppression of; paralysis; parotitis; labour; chest, affections of; peritonitis; pleurisy; pleurodynia; lungs, affections of; purpura; cold; roseola; measles; thirst; effects of fright; testicles, affections of; tetanus; tetany; torticollis; cough; whooping-cough; urethra, spasmodic stricture; urethral fever; uterus, prolapse of; vaccination, effects of; varicella; vertigo.

    Characteristics.
    Aconite grows in moist, shaded parts in almost all mountainous countries of Northern and Middle Europe, especially the Jura, Switzerland, Sweden and Germany. Teste mentions its reputation of being more poisonous to carnivorous than to herbivorous animals. This is partly supported and was apparently lately confirmed by an ineffectual attempt to poison an elephant with aconitine in this country. A carrot was scraped and enough aconitine to poison two thousand men was put upon it. The elephant ate it and nothing happened, and three hours later a large dose of prussic acid was administered, which proved quickly fatal.
    Before Hahnemann, Aconite had a reputation as a diaphoretic in cases of rheumatism, sciatica and tumours, but not until Hahnemann proved it were its properties rightly understood. Aconitum is more closely associated with the rise and progress of homoeopathy than any other member of the Materia Medica. If Cinchona was the Newton’s apple in the discovery of homoeopathy, Aconitum was the medicine by which Hahnemann was able to find the conditions that in his day were treated by blood-letting. Aconite more than any other remedy prepared the way for the disappearance of blood-letting from general medical practice. One of the most deadly poisons and of the most rapid action became, through Hahnemann’s discovery, the best friend of medical care.
    Aconitum in potency above the third is a medicine of perfect safety for any age. Sensitive patients sometimes complain of its depressing action when repeated, and cases are known in which the characteristic prostration of mind and body has occurred after giving Aconitum in potencies. But these cases are exceptional, and unattended by danger when they occur. The great majority of patients to whom Aconitum in potencies has been given experience nothing of this kind.
    The rapidity of Aconite’s action determines its applicability to states in which symptoms appear with great intensity, as in Asiatic cholera, certain fevers and acute inflammations. To this list may be added attacks of sudden blindness. But let it not be supposed that Aconite’s sphere is limited to acute cases. When symptoms correspond it will cure conditions of great chronicity, for example, cases of indurated glands.
    Dr Hughes has strongly insisted that the states to which Aconite is homoeopathic are those of tension; and this word gives the best idea of Aconite’s sphere of action. There is mental and emotional tension, as shown in fright or fear and its consequences, anxiety and fear of death; tension in the systemic vessels, as in the effect of chill, Asiatic cholera and haemorrhages; muscular tension as in tetanus; tension of involuntary muscles as in spasm of the heart and tension of the semi-involuntary muscles of the respiratory apparatus as in asthma; and finally tension of the special senses, sensations very intense and an exalted sensibility to pain; a sense of numbness of parts as if tightly bandaged, and also a sensation as if tightly bandaged in the extremities and elsewhere.
    Therefore Aconite in its therapeutic actions corresponds to the effects of a number of states which excite a condition of tension. Plethora may be classed under this head. Plethoric persons of animated character, bilious and nervous constitutions, with brown or jet-black hair, are especially adapted to Aconite. Active congestions of all kinds, especially those followed by chill. Guernsey puts it in another way: the pure and complete development of the blood-globule in the most perfect type, when it becomes diseased, has great affinity for Aconite. When the blood-globules are disorganised it is rarely indicated. We think of Aconite in sudden inflammations, especially caused by cold, dry air, suppressed exhalations of the body.
    Teste relates a remarkable case of an Englishman obliged to make long sledge journeys in mid-winter in Northern Russia, who afterwards for two years suffered violent paroxysms of palpitation and sharp pains in the region of the heart with threat of cerebral apoplexy. Important physicians in England and on the Continent diagnosed aneurism. Teste localised the affection to a neurosis or spasm of the pectoralis major, and proved his diagnosis by rapid cure with Aconite. The cutting, penetrating winds of the mountains where the plant flowers give indication of the action of this remedy. Few medicines have cause so intensely marked among their characteristics. Cold, fright, trauma or surgical operations are the causes found in the great majority of Aconite cases; timely administration will protect from serious results.
    The reaction of primary chill affords another characteristic of Aconite: fever. With the Aconite fever there are restlessness and constant movement, and the state of tension is evident in the accompanying anxiety, sometimes with fear of death. The mental exaltation sometimes goes so far that he predicts the day and hour of his death. Clairvoyance. Extreme sensibility to light and sounds and to all sensations, including pain. When disease begins calmly and patiently Aconite will not be needed. It was the febrile restlessness of the provers of Aconite that led Hahnemann to infer its homoeopathicity to many states of fever; and it is the presence of this restlessness, anxiety, fear and exalted sensibility that are the chief indications in conditions of many kinds.
    Some characteristics are these. Active haemorrhage in plethoric, full-bodied persons. They pass almost pure blood at stool. In haemoptysis the blood appears with great facility on coughing, bright red in large quantities, from chill, dry winds, with great fear, anxiety and palpitation. Each inspiration increases the cough. Titillation in the chest after coughing. Unquenchable thirst: everything tastes bitter except water. In croup children grasp the throat with each paroxysm of cough. Coldness, numbness and tingling characterise the paralysis and neuroses of Aconite. Facial paralysis from exposure to cold, dry winds. The fear and apprehension of Aconite is shown in fear of crossing streets. There is intolerance of music. Curious symptoms are these: imagines some part of the body deformed; imagines he makes all his thoughts from the stomach; predicts the hour of his death. Aconite is one of the great remedies for pain, rivaling Chamomilla and Coffea in the intensity of the pains it causes. Pains are intolerable and drive to despair. The pains are tearing, cutting; attended with restlessness; with numbness, tingling or formication. Aconite cannot bear pain, cannot bear to be touched, cannot bear to be covered. Toothache is one-sided, with redness of the cheek of the same side.
    Guernsey gives these indications: if a child is suffering from watery diarrhoea, crying and complaining much, biting his wrists and sleepless, Aconite will usually quiet the trouble in short time. The state of mental disturbance will cease and quiet sleep follow. The mother will insist: Doctor, he is well, except his bowels are as bad as ever. Now do not give another medicine, but wait and see if Aconite will complete the cure by itself. Another case: hot, red, scanty urine, caused by chill, especially in children. The child screams and seems in great pain because he cannot pass water. Aconite will cease the pain, quiet the child, and the urine will flow a little later. In adults, incontinence of urine is sometimes benefited by Aconite.
    Aconite has a wide sphere in affections of the eyes. Inflammations of many kinds from cold, blows, dust, surgical operations, scrofulous inflammation with enlarged glands, all are within its reach. Notable cases of sudden blindness have been cured by it. Hirsch of Prague records two cases, one of a man, aged thirty, who went to bed well, had walked home in stormy, bad weather after having been in a hot room; Aconite 3 was given; the next night he perspired profusely, and in the morning his sight was restored. Hirsch himself lost his sight suddenly while bathing in hot water. He took Aconite 3 in water as he gave to his patient. In two hours he began to sweat, and after six hours’ sleep awoke well. Lippe records the case of a lady who was seized with great malaise, anxiety and paralysing fear. In her usual health she had taken a full meal, and reading afterwards the letters danced before her eyes and the impression became blurred; face and nose became numb; pulse small, 120 per minute. A dose of Aconite c.m. (Finke) was given. The numbness disappeared in half an hour; pulse 72; vision was perfect when one eye was closed, but everything seemed indistinct when both were kept open. This symptom disappeared the next morning; a swimming in the head remained that day.
    The time of aggravation is chiefly night and midnight. Heat as well as cold is injurious to the Aconite patient; sunstroke is an indication, and Aconite will cure many headaches from exposure to the sun, and also solar erythema. Headache is generally better in the open air, worse in a hot room; toothache and cough worse in the open air. Better by uncovering. A hot room aggravates chill; in fever the bed is intolerable; he wants to be uncovered. Perspiration on parts affected or covered. There is aggravation from wines or stimulants; worse from drinking any kind of fluids. Rest relieves symptoms in general, but during the night the pains are intolerable, the limbs feel tired and the chill is worse. Lying down relieves headache and vertigo and aggravates other complaints. Lying on the back relieves cough and stitches in the chest; lying on the side increases stitches and cough; the cheek on which he lies sweats. Rising from a seat causes vertigo. Vertigo, pallor, fainting when sitting up in bed. Bending double relieves colic and dysmenorrhoea. Motion aggravates pains in muscles, joints and stiffness.

    Relations.
    Aconitum napellus is related in its actions to other aconites and to aconitine, and also to the Ranunculaceae, Actaea rac., Actaea spic., Paeon., Podoph., Ranunculus, Staph. Teste places with Aconite the following: Coccul., Cham., Dulc., Cannab. i., Con.; but admits the relations are not intimate and that Aconite is really without analogues. Antidoted by Acet. ac., Alcohol, Paris. Antidotal to Bell., Cham., Coff., Nux v., Pet., Sep., Spo., Sul. Frequently indicated after Arn., Coff., Sul., Verat. Complementary to Coff. (in fever, insomnia, intolerance of pain), Arn. (contusions, injuries of the eye), Sul. Ameliorates disorders from Act. rac., Cham., Coff., Nux v., Pet., Sul. Sulphur is indicated in abuses of Aconite. Compare Stram. and Op. in effects of fright; and Sul. in most of its symptoms. Sul. is the chronic of Acon.; it frequently completes an action begun by Aconite, and will cure cases in which Aconite, though apparently indicated, fails. Compare also Puls., Lyc. and Camph. (better by uncovering); Hep. and Coff. (intolerance of pains); Chi. (white stools); Gels. (effects of bad news, fright, anger); Nux and Bry. (diarrhoea of cholera); Bry. (effects of cold and dry winds).

    Causation.
    Fright; fear; chill; cold, dry winds; heat, especially of the sun; traumatism; surgical operations; shock.

    Mind.
    Great agitation and bodily restlessness with anguish; inconsolable irritability; screams, weeps, laments and reproaches; irritable sensitiveness; fearful anticipation that death is approaching; predicts the day he will die; sadness; presentiments as of a state of clairvoyance; anthropophobia and misanthropy; has no affection for anyone; malicious; intense disposition to be angry, to be frightened and to quarrel; the least noise, even music, is unbearable; changing humour, now sad, depressed, irritable and despairing, then gay, excited, hopeful and disposed to sing and dance; humbled by trifles; takes jokes amiss; dislikes to speak; answers laconically; alternating paroxysms of laughter and tears; great inconsolable anxiety; anxious about his illness and despairs of recovery; fear of spectres; fear of the dark; disposition to run out of bed; mind as if paralysed, with incapacity for reflection, and a sensation as if all intellectual functions were performed in the region of the stomach; paroxysms of mania; inconstancy of ideas; in delirium unhappy, worried, despairing, with expression of fear in the countenance, but rarely unconscious; delirium chiefly at night, with ecstasy; weakness of memory; disorders from fright, terror, vexation.

    Head.
    Head affected as if the brain were nailed, chiefly in the heat of a room; vertigo, particularly on rising from bed, or also on rising from a seat, on standing, on moving or shaking the head, with loss of consciousness, dim vision, nausea and weakness at the pit of the stomach; vertigo with tendency to fall to the right; vision vanishes; epistaxis; sensation as if the brain were loose in the skull, increased by the least movement, even by speaking or drinking; headache with inclination to vomit, also with actual vomiting; head as if bruised, with sore feeling in the limbs; stupefying headache with sensation of compression and drawing together as by a cramp, chiefly in forehead and root of nose; weight and fullness in forehead and temples with expansive pressure as if everything would come out through them, especially on stooping forward; sensation as if a board were before the forehead; sudden blows and throbbings in head; tearing headache, sometimes semilateral; sensation as if a ball lay on the head, and a coldness spread over it; congestion of blood to head with heat and redness of face, or with sensation of heat in the brain, sweat on the skin with shuddering, and pallor of face; sensation of heat in head that sweats with pale face; inflammation of the brain; sensation of fullness and heaviness in forehead with feeling as if the whole brain would come out of the eyes, with nausea and giddiness, worse from talking and from movement; heat and ebullition in head as if boiling water were in the brain; roarings and noises in head; sensation at vertex as if pulled by the hair; sensation as if the hair stood on end; headache from cold or suppression of perspiration with buzzing in ears, coldness of head and colic; aggravation of head pains from movement, talking, rising from recumbency and from drinking; amelioration in the open air.

    Eyes.
    Eyes red and inflamed, with deep injection of vessels and intolerable pains; profuse lachrymation; heat and burning in eyes with pressure and sudden pains, especially on moving eyes; swelling of eyes; dilated pupils; eyelids feel dry, hard, heavy; sensitive to air; hard, red swelling of eyelids; eyes sparkling, convulsive and prominent; fixed look; cannot bear the reflection of light on snow, it causes sparks, specks and scintillations dancing before the eyes; excessive photophobia or an intense desire for light; black spots and mist before vision; dazzled by flickerings; fear that he may be touched by others in passing; sight as if through a veil; difficulty in distinguishing faces, with anxiety and vertigo; sudden attacks of blindness; drawing in eyelids with drowsiness; ophthalmia very painful, with weeping eyes, or from foreign bodies in eyes, dust, sparks; after operations.

    Ears.
    Tinkling and buzzing in ears; tickling and sharp pains; sensation as if something were placed before the ears; excessive sensitiveness of hearing, all noises are intolerable; music goes through the limbs and makes him sad; tearing in left ear; roarings in ears.

    Nose.
    Crushing pressure or cramp at root of nose; epistaxis, especially in plethoric persons; excessive sensitiveness of smell, especially to unpleasant odours; violent sneezing with pain in abdomen and in left side; coryza with catarrh, headache, buzzing in ears and colic; coryza caused by chill, cold winds; suppressed coryza with headache; better in the open air, worse by speaking; fluent coryza with frequent sneezing; clear, hot watery discharge; fluent in the morning.

    Face.
    Anxious, frightened expression; face bloated, hot and red, or bluish, or alternating red and pale, or yellow; on rising, the previously red face assumes a deadly pallor, afterwards it becomes red again; red and pale alternately; red of one cheek with pallor of the other, or red patches on both cheeks; sweat on forehead, upper lip and on the cheek pressed against the pillow; distortion of features; tingling pain and sensation of swelling in cheeks; tension and drawing along trigeminal nerve, then sudden shifting intermittent pains, then constant pain, sometimes pressing; pain as of ulceration in malar bones; semilateral prosopalgia with swelling of lower jaw; lips black and dry, peeling; tingling in cheeks; sudden burning pains with tingling, with successive twitchings in the jaws; falling of the jaw; trismus.

    Teeth.
    Throbbing or stabbing lancinations in teeth, often with congestion of blood through the head and heat of face; toothache from chill, with throbbing in one side of face, intense redness of cheek and great restlessness; grinding of teeth.

    Mouth.
    Sensation of dryness, or actual dryness of mouth and tongue; tongue white; saburral, or thick yellow-white coating; burning, itching or pricking in tongue, with accumulation of saliva; paralysis of tongue; numbness of tongue, also of lips; trembling speech and stammering; pain as of excoriation at the orifices of the salivary ducts as if ulcerated; trismus with salivation; uvula feels enlarged and touches the tongue.

    Throat.
    Sore throat with intense redness of the parts affected and difficult deglutition; tickling in the oesophagus; sensation of tickling, rawness, burning and stitches in the throat, chiefly on swallowing; acute inflammations of the throat, palate, tonsils and fauces, with high fever, dark redness of parts, burning and stitches in the fauces; burning and numbness in throat; throat almost insensible; stitches in throat and along the Eustachian tubes that impel to swallow; sensation of contraction in throat as if caused by acrid substances; stitches in throat on swallowing and on coughing; almost entirely unable to swallow, with hoarseness.

    Appetite.
    Bitter taste in mouth, or putrid; all kinds of food and drink, except water, taste bitter; unquenchable burning thirst, sometimes with desire for beer; excessive hunger and thirst, but eats slowly; generally worse from drinking; gastric catarrh from drinking iced water when heated; generally better from cold drinks, especially the anxiety; loss of appetite and disgust for food; beer lies heavy on the stomach; desires wine, brandy, beer, bitter drinks; wine generally better.

    Stomach.
    Waterbrash like heartburn, with nausea; inclination to vomit as after having eaten something sweet or fatty; bilious, greenish or mucous vomit, and of blood; vomiting of pure blood; vomiting of mucus with blood, or of what has been taken, followed by thirst; nausea and retching; vomiting of worms; vomiting with nausea and thirst, heat, profuse sweating and increased micturition; pains in stomach after eating or drinking; sensation of distension, tension and pressure like a weight in the praecordial region and in the stomach, sometimes with difficult breathing; pressure in stomach and pit as from a hard stone; pit of stomach sore to touch and meteorism; sensation of contraction in stomach as from an acrid substance.

    Abdomen.
    Constriction, tension and pressure in the hypochondria, sometimes with fullness and sense of weight; burning, sudden, stabbing pains and pressure in hepatic region with difficult breathing; painful sensitiveness to touch in region of liver; inflammation and sore feeling in liver; pressure in liver with difficulty of breathing; jaundice, of the new-born, from fright, from chill; dragging pains in abdomen in stooping position, as when at stool; constriction, pricks and burning in umbilical region, sometimes with retraction of navel; intolerable cutting pains in abdomen, chiefly in epigastrium; swelling of abdomen as in ascites; painful sensitiveness of abdomen to touch and the least movement; flatulent colic, especially at night, with pressure, tension and borborygmi, with rumbling in abdomen.

    Stool and Anus.
    Suppression of stool; stools small, frequent, soft with tenesmus; loose watery stools; stools like chopped spinach; white stools with dark red urine; choleriform discharges with collapse, mortal anxiety and restlessness; involuntary stools from paralysis of anus; constipation, stools clay-coloured; nausea and sweat before and after watery stools; pains in rectum; violent pain in rectum with chill and fever, inflammation, tenesmus, bloody discharge, dysentery; pressure and stitches in anus; haemorrhoids bleeding, with heat and sharp stitches, bright blood; diarrhoea with flow of urine and colic; sensation as of hot liquid escaping from the anus.

    Urinary Organs.
    Suppression of urine with pressure in bladder and lumbar pains; frequent desire to pass water accompanied by anxiety and pain; flow of urine with sweat, diarrhoea and colic; involuntary emissions of urine from relaxation of the neck of the bladder; enuresis with thirst; urine scanty, burning, deep red with brick-dust sediment, caused by chill, especially in children; suppression from chill; sanguinolent sediment in urine; urine hot, red, scanty without sediment; heat and tenesmus at the neck of the bladder.

    Male Sexual Organs.
    Venereal inclination alternately increased and diminished; amorous paroxysms; stitches in the parts; bruised pains in the testicles; testicles feel swollen, hard, as if overcharged with semen; orchitis; gonorrhoea, first stage; pruritus of prepuce; sudden pains and pricks in the glans when urinating.

    Female Sexual Organs.
    Menses very profuse and prolonged; menstruation suppressed by fright, by getting the feet cold; after-pains very painful and very prolonged; milk-fever with delirium; puerperal peritonitis; maniacal fury at the appearance of the menses; stabbing pains move from the right side of the uterine fundus; sudden sharp pains, abdomen excessively sensitive; ovaritis from sudden suppression of the menstrual flow; pressive labour-like pains in the uterus, dysmenorrhoea; uterine haemorrhage, active, very excitable, giddy, cannot sit, fear of death; vagina dry, hot, sensitive; leucorrhoea copious, tenacious, yellow; increases milk in breasts.

    Respiratory Organs.
    Sensation of numbness in trachea; attacks of paralysis in epiglottis with tendency to choke; pain in larynx; larynx sensitive to touch and to inspired air, as if denuded; laryngeal trouble after straining the voice; hoarse voice; constant desire to cough, produced by irritation or tickling in the larynx; inflammation of larynx and bronchi; cough from having drunk or smoked; short, dry cough, chiefly at night; a convulsive, hoarse or noisy cough, sometimes with danger of suffocation and constriction of larynx; membranous angina with dry cough and rapid respiration; croup; expectoration of thick whitish matter, or of blood-streaked mucus, or he spits blood while coughing; sudden painful stitches in chest on coughing; cough with stitches in chest or in lumbar region; cough worse after eating or drinking; when lying; at dusk; at night, worse after midnight; during sleep; from smoking tobacco; from vexation, especially fright; when heated; from dry cold winds; from walking in the open air; on assuming the erect posture; from deep inspiration; from talking.

    Chest.
    Short breathing, chiefly during sleep and on rising; painful, anxious respiration with groaning, rapid and superficial, or full, noisy and with open mouth; slow breathing during sleep; breath hot; fetid breath; constriction and anxious oppression of chest with difficult breathing; Millar’s asthma; attacks of suffocation with anxiety; sensation of heaviness and compression in chest; painful stitches in chest, chiefly on breathing, coughing and moving, even the arms; stitches through the chest and sides, especially on breathing and coughing; stitches in sides with tearful, complaining humour, somewhat relieved when lying on the back; pleurisy and pneumonia, especially with great heat, much thirst, dry cough and great nervous excitability, somewhat relieved lying on the back; pruritus of chest; bruised pains in the sternum and sides; sense of anguish in chest interrupting respiration.

    Heart.
    Palpitations with great anxiety, heat of body chiefly in face and great weariness in the limbs; sudden pains in region of heart when moving or going upstairs; sensation of compression and beating in region of heart; inflammation of heart; chronic heart disease with continuous pressure in left side of chest, oppression of breathing on quick movement and ascending stairs, stitches in region of heart, congestion to head; fainting fits with tingling in fingers; fainting with tingling; pulse full, strong, hard; slow, weak; thread-like with anxiety; rapid, hard, small.

    Neck and Back.
    Weakness and pain as if bruised in nape; pain as if bruised in back and loins; painful stiffness in nape, loins and hip-joint; boring pain in back and loins, tingling and stitches in back.

    Upper Extremities.
    Pain as from a blow, and weakness in arms, chiefly in shoulders, with swelling; heaviness of arms with numbness of fingers; numbness of left arm, can scarcely move the hand; paralytic weakness of arm and hand, especially when writing; drawing in arms; hands dead; swelling of hands; heat of hands with coldness of feet; cold sweat on palms; icy coldness of hands; tingling in fingers, particularly when writing; inflammatory swelling of elbow with numbness and a paralytic state of the fingers.

    Lower Extremities.
    Pain as from a blow in hip-joints, especially after sleep, when leaning or resting for some time; drawing with paralytic weakness in legs; sudden pain in hip-joint extending even to knee, pain forcing a cry at each step; want of strength and of steadiness in hip and knee-joints; tearing, drawing pains in knee; inflammatory swelling of knee with bright redness, sudden pains, stiffness and great sensitiveness to touch; sensation of stiffness in legs on moving them; pain in instep with despair and fear of death; numbness in legs; heaviness of foot; coldness of foot, chiefly of toes, and sweat on sole; tingling beginning in foot and extending upward.

    Generalities.
    Sudden or rheumatic pains produced by wine or other stimulants; sufferings which particularly at night seem intolerable and generally disappear when sitting; attacks of pain with thirst and redness of cheeks; troublesome sensitiveness of the body and especially of the parts affected at every movement and on the slightest touch; bruised pain and sense of weight in all the limbs; drawing with paralytic weakness in arms and legs; want of strength and steadiness, pains and noises in the joints, chiefly of the legs; rapid and general decay of strength; fainting, especially on rising, with pallor of cheeks which become red on lying down; fainting fits chiefly on rising from a recumbent posture, sometimes with congestion of blood to head, buzzing in ears, deathly paleness of face and trembling; congestions to head, chest, heart; restlessness as from suppression of perspiration, or in consequence of a chill, with headache, buzzing in ears, colic and coldness of head; sensation of cold and of stagnation of blood in all the vessels; jerks in the limbs; cataleptic attack with screams, grinding of teeth and hiccough; chill of body and loud lamentations; tetanus; swelling of the whole body, which assumes a blackish colour.

    Skin.
    Sensation as if something were crawling in the skin with pruritus and desquamation, chiefly in the parts affected; skin dry and burning; swelling and burning heat of injured parts; yellow face; yellowish colour of skin; skin shining, red, hot, swollen with violent pain; sudden eruptions with excoriated feeling here and there; spots like mosquito-bites on hands, on body, etc.; small, broad red pimples accompanied by itching; measles; rash of children; miliary purpura.

    Sleep.
    Great desire to sleep even when walking and chiefly after meals; drowsy with anxious thoughts and rapid breathing; confused reveries with the eyes closed without sleep; insomnia from anxiety with constant tossing and restlessness; insomnia with restlessness, eyes closed, and constant uneasiness; starts in sleep; anxious dreams with nightmares; anxious dreams, he talks and moves in sleep; dreams with a sort of clairvoyance; light sleep; impossibility of lying on one side; during sleep lies on his back with the hand under the head, or in a sitting posture with the head bent forward.

    Fever.
    Burning dry heat with extreme thirst, sometimes, especially at the commencement of the illness, preceded by chill with shivering; heat chiefly in head and face with redness of cheeks, shuddering through the whole body, oppressive headache, lachrymose temper, disposition to complain and to contradict; or a sensation of heat over the whole body with redness of cheeks, headache on moving the eyes and lightness of mind; chill on the least uncovering while heat exists; coldness over the whole body with internal heat, cold forehead and hot tips of ears, or with redness of cheeks and pains in the limbs, or with stiffness of the whole body, heat and redness of one cheek and coldness and paleness of the other; eyes open and fixed, pupils contracted, and dilate with difficulty; sensation of coldness in the blood-vessels; cold and shivering in the fingers followed by cramps in the calves and soles; heat of face with despairing and dejected thoughts and inclination to vomit preceded by coldness and shivering in feet and hands; shuddering runs upwards from feet to chest; frequent shudderings with burning heat and dryness of skin; inflammatory fever and inflammations with great heat, dry burning skin, violent thirst, red face or alternation of red and pale face, nervous excitability, moaning and agonising restlessness, short breathing and congestion to head; continuous perspiration, especially on the parts that are covered; sour sweat; pulse hard, frequent and accelerated, full, sometimes intermittent, almost imperceptible like a thread.

  • ACONITUM LYCOCTONUM

    General Action.
    Tincture of the fresh flowering plant. Unlike other aconites contains no aconitine. Symptoms resemble other aconites but lack prominent cutaneous nervous affections. Marked swelling of breasts and cervical and axillary glands; pruritus of eyes, nose, anus and vulva; fissured nasal skin; cough leaving taste of blood; diarrhoea after pork; glandular growths, especially scrofulous and Hodgkin types; < in afternoon, on mental exertion and during digestion, notably after pork, onions and wine; > by eructations and vomiting.

    Mind.
    Mania with ferocity; laughing; distraction; ideas unstable; fear of work; memory weak.

    Head.
    Vertigo with nausea; lancinating head pains extending to eyes; sensation as if nail driven into head on movement; hammering in temples; rheumatic scalp pain < by touch.

    Eyes.
    Lancinative pains from outer to inner canthus; painful, itchy eyelids; pressure on lids with difficulty opening; stinging at canthi; dryness of inner canthus.

    Ears.
    Purulent discharge; redness behind ears.

    Nose.
    Itching and lancinating pain; pressure at nasal root; fissured skin; muco-purulent discharge.

    Face.
    Pale, shining; excoriative pain around mouth; pain in facial bones; tension of facial muscles; hard tubercles on face and lips; face becomes light brown; numbness of jaw resembling incipient paralysis > by compression and wine.

    Teeth.
    Burning pain in upper teeth; pressure sensation; tearing pain in lower teeth on opening; bluish, ulcerated gums.

    Mouth.
    Clay-like astringent taste.

    Appetite.
    Intense craving for sweets, fruits and cabbage; increased tobacco desire; aversion to food, especially fats and milk causing discomfort; hungry quickly satisfied; constant burning thirst, nocturnal thirst.

    Stomach.
    Heartburn with rancid or rotten-egg taste; acidity with stomach heaviness; painful eructations; hiccup; inclination to vomit after eating with chill and vertigo; vomiting of mucus on rising; yellow after drinking; with copious urine.

    Abdomen.
    Right hypochondrial aching and tearing pains; on respiration both hypochondria painful; diaphragmatic compression sensation; abdominal palpitations; lancinating pains after milk.

    Stool and Anus.
    Constipation with anus feeling tightly contracted; diarrhoea with cutting pains after pork; whitish stools; post-defecatory anal pain as from fissures with chill; anal cramps; nocturnal tenesmus; pruritus.

    Urinary Organs.
    Desire to urinate with copious emission; urgent ineffectual efforts; urine hot, turbid with white sediment.

    Female Sexual Organs.
    Vulvar pruritus; fetid menstruation; popliteal excoriation post-menses; viscous leucorrhoea.

    Respiratory Organs.
    Dyspnoea; slight cough with watery expectoration; cough after slight chill leaving taste of blood.

    Breast.
    Swelling of mammary glands.

    Neck and Back.
    Swollen cervical glands; apparent neck enlargement, unilateral; pressing pain at nape; back chill; kidney-region jerks.

    Upper Limbs.
    Swollen axillary glands; pressure and lancinating shoulder-joint pains; tearing in elbow; stiffness of elbows and wrists; fullness and sweating of hands.

    Lower Limbs.
    On stretching legs gluteal muscles felt shortened; leg jerks; nocturnal ankle pruritus; lancinating dorsum pedis pain on standing; hot red slightly painful macular eruption on legs and toes.

    Sleep.
    Somnolence with abundant sleep; auditory hallucinations; numbness of pressure-points during sleep.

    Fever.
    Shivering; unilateral chill if uncovered; morning external cold with internal warmth; alternating chills and heat with sweat; during heat pale face, strong appetite, thirst, intestinal pain, restlessness; sweat persists post-fever.

  • ACONITUM FEROX

    Aconitum ferox, Wall.; A. virosum, Don.; Bisch or Bikh (Ativisha). Ranunculaceae. Tincture of the root.

    General Action.
    Species most poisonous known, containing large proportions of aconitine; produces intense burning pains and mental overactivity followed by great depression; anxiety and fear of suffocation from paralysis of respiratory muscles, compelling semi-sitting posture with head supported on hands; cold drinks and sitting ameliorate; hot food aggravates; coffee ameliorates; respiration of Cheyne-Stokes type; dyspnoea; gastralgia; chilliness; numbness; violent eructations; generalised tingling, < by temperature change or movement; symptoms worst between 7 and 7.30 p.m.; vomiting > all symptoms.

    Mind.
    Great mental activity with rapid succession of ideas; incessant speech; acute memory for detailed past experiences and comparisons (6 hrs); during symptom-free intervals laughs and jokes on his comic state, but on return of dyspnoea and anxiety insults aconite and toxicology (4–6 hrs); next day, unable to perform even simple mental work, confused understanding (2nd day).

    Mouth.
    Tongue almost insensible, felt as a piece of leather on raw flesh (6 hrs); coated with yellowish-white saburra; violent burning in mouth within two minutes, renewed by eating (2nd day); ameliorated by cold water.

    Throat.
    Violent burning in pharynx.

    Stomach.
    Pressure with pain and heat in stomach; violent drawing pain in stomach and sacral region extending to entire abdomen; < by pressure in epigastrium; on pressure, dull internal pressing pain.

    Abdomen.
    Borborygmi five minutes after dose; constant rumbling for four hours.

    Stool.
    Two medium, semi-aqueous, dark evacuations on second day.

    Urinary Organs.
    Frequent, copious micturition.

    Respiratory Organs.
    Dyspnoea increased to extent that patient obliged to breathe semi-sitting with head in hands; constant fear of suffocation from respiratory paralysis; Cheyne-Stokes breathing.

    Heart.

    Extremities.
    Staggering gait; marked weakness of lower limbs, especially right.

    Generalities.
    Tingling extending over whole body, less in cooled areas; < by temperature change or movement; greatest severity 7–7.30 p.m.; painful restlessness preventing lying still; on rising symptoms return which were relieved by lying; numbness as if wearing gloves; no pain on pinching cheeks; sensation of walking on cotton (2nd–4th day).

    Sleep.
    Insomnia; on waking, violent burning in mouth and throat, heat in stomach, stupefaction of head.

    Fever.
    Ice-cold surface objectively and subjectively for four hours; no amount of coverings or external heat ameliorates; patient compelled to sit by stove to warm himself, but vertigo, tremor, oppression and nausea persist; repeated experience; intense heat in forehead, cheeks and hands as from innumerable glowing wires; ameliorated by sweating (4–6 hrs).

    Relations.
    Compare Curare and Phosphorus for respiratory paralysis and Cheyne-Stokes breathing.

  • ACONITUM CAMMARUM

    General Action.
    Symptoms analogous to aconitine with onset of tingling and pricking in tongue and lips ascending to face and whole body; facial distortion with dry skin; violent eructations and gastric spasms; spasm of esophagus; photophobia; cataleptic and convulsive phenomena; < by exertion; > by vomiting; erections and pollutions without voluptuous dreams.

    Mind.
    Irritability with anger and fear; apathy and indifference; altered thought and concentration; weakened memory; extreme restlessness as if tickling impels constant motion; symptoms ameliorated by uniform warmth and alternately by entry into warm or cold air.

    Head.
    Headache < on bending forward; vertigo with tinnitus; fullness of head with marked pain in face accompanied by ear ringing.

    Face.
    Bluish-black discoloration; swollen blue lips; marked sensation of facial contraction and distortion.

    Mouth.
    Paralysis of tongue; increased salivation; tingling sensation replaced by furry numbness; diminished taste and oral sensation.

    Abdomen.
    Burning sensation with feeling of ants crawling around abdomen; violent eructations; inclination to vomit without actual vomiting; spasmodic contractions of stomach and abdominal muscles.

    Skin.
    On lower limbs, small serous vesicles and papules, very painful; skin dry.

    Respiratory Organs.
    Hoarse, rough voice; slow, difficult respiration with constrictive sensation in chest and throat.

    Heart.
    Pulse initially frequent then depressed, slow, irregular and intermittent.

    Generalities.
    Tendon jerks; muscular contractions; catalepsy; weakness and debility on exertion.